Review of Organic Molecules 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) USUALLY: 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom. Example: CH 2 O, C 6 H 12 O 6 Exceptions include carbohydrates that may be one or two oxygen short Example: C 12 H 24 O 11

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: Only one sugar molecule Disaccharide: Two sugar molecules bonded together GLUCOSEGLUCOSE SUCROSE

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: Many sugar molecules bonded together Examples: Starch Cellulose Glycogen

What are Polysaccharides Used For? 1.Starch: Plants use starch for food storage 2.Cellulose: Plants use cellulose for structural support for their cell walls. 3.Glycogen: Glycogen is a starch used for long- term energy storage in animal cells.

How are polysaccharides made? Think of making a long train One train car is called a monomer Many train cars linked together is called a polymer The action of linking the train cars together is called polymerization monomerpolymer

Polymerization is not just for carbohydrates!  Monomers  single molecule, called a SUBUNIT  Polymers  monomers linked together  Polymerization  monomers being linked into polymers  carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids are ALL able to link together and polymerize

Lipids Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen, with the possibility of a few Oxygen Used for storing energy in fats and oils Most common is three fatty acids bonded to molecule of glycerol

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated means that all Carbons have single bonds. This makes them straight.

Unsaturated means there are some double bonds, causing bent angles. Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Two Saturated Lipid Chains & One Unstaturated Lipid Chain

Polymerization of Amino Acids Made from of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen Building blocks of proteins are amino acids There are 20 types of amino acids Only the “R” Group Changes!

Proteins built from Amino Acids 8 amino acids are essential because the human body cannot build them, so they must be eaten The other 12 amino acids are nonessential because we can build them on our own.

Connecting Amino Acids Amino acids are bonded into proteins Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds

Nucleic Acids Subunit is called a Nucleotide Nucleotides are composed of: 1.Nitrogen Base 2.Ribose Sugar 3.Phosphate Group

Types of Nucleic Acids  Two types of nucleic acids: RNA: Ribo- Nucleic Acid DNA: Deoxyribo- Nucleic Acid  Stores and transmits genetic information SINGLE HELIXSINGLE HELIX DOUBLE HELIXDOUBLE HELIX

Testing for Organic Molecules Lab Purpose: In this lab you will test different foods to determine if they have carbohydrates (starch and/or sugar), proteins, and/or lipids. Materials: Food Products: Raw Meat, Potato, Spinach, Vegetable Oil, Egg White, & Apple Juice Indicators: Benedict’s Solution ( tests sugar), Iodine (tests starch), Paper (tests lipids), and Biuret’s Solution (tests protein). Other: 1 beaker

Which organic molecules will you investigate for each food item? Do you think foods only have one type of organic molecule in them? Design a Procedure. What are the SPECIFIC steps of your procedure? Design a Data Table. What will the data table look like? Remember observations Which organic molecule(s) do you predict will be in each food item? Testing for Organic Molecules Lab