Student: Dueh-Ching Lin Adviser: Ming-Shyan Wang Date : 20th-Dec-2009

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Student: Dueh-Ching Lin Adviser: Ming-Shyan Wang Date : 20th-Dec-2009 An Improved Microcontroller-Based Sensorless Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor Drive for Automotive Applications Jianwen Shao, Member, IEEE IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 42, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2006 Student: Dueh-Ching Lin Adviser: Ming-Shyan Wang Date : 20th-Dec-2009

Outline ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF DIRECT BACK-EMF SENSING FOR BLDC DRIVES IMPROVED DIRECT BACK-EMF-SENSING SCHEME: DETECT THE BACK EMF DURING THE PWM ON TIME IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS MOTOR-ROTATION DETECTION AND CURRENT SENSING A. Motor-Rotation Detection B. Current Sensing CONCLUSION REFERENCES

Abstract The direct EMF detection method previously described in a sensorless BLDCM-drive system synchronously samples the motor back EMF during the PWM off time without the need to sense or reconstruct the motor neutral. Since this direct back-EMF-sensing scheme requires a minimum PWM off time to sample the back-EMF signal, the duty cycle is limited to something less than 100%. In this paper, an improved direct back-EMF detection scheme that samples the motor back EMF synchronously during either the PWM on time or the PWM off time is proposed to overcome the problem. In this paper, some techniques for automotive applications,such as motor-rotation detection, and current sensing are proposed as well. Experimental results are presented.

I.Introduction In recent years,the brushless dc (BLDC) motor is receiving more interest for automotive applications. This is due to the higher reliability/longevity, lower maintenance, and quieter operation that BLDC has compared to its brushed dc counterpart. In automobiles, windmilling effect can make fans rotate without electric power.When the controller needs to control the motor, if the motor is already spinning, the controller should be able to determine if the motor is rotating and in what direction. In this paper, a method for the microcontroller to detect the motor rotation is presented. Also, a current-sensing method for protection without a current-sensing resistor is proposed in this paper as well.

II. REVIEW OF DIRECT BACK-EMF SENSING FOR BLDC DRIVES Fig. 1. Direct back-EMF-sensing block diagram.

II. REVIEW OF DIRECT BACK-EMF SENSING FOR BLDC DRIVES Fig. 2. Back-EMF detection during the PWM off-time moment.

II. REVIEW OF DIRECT BACK-EMF SENSING FOR BLDC DRIVES From phase A, if the forward voltage drop of the diode is ignored,we have (1) From phase B, if the voltage drop on the switch is ignored,we have (2) Adding (1) and (2), we get (3)

II. REVIEW OF DIRECT BACK-EMF SENSING FOR BLDC DRIVES Assuming a balanced three-phase system, if only the fundamental frequency is considered, we have (4) From (3) and (4) (5) So, the terminal voltage νc (6)

III. IMPROVED DIRECT BACK-EMF-SENSING SCHEME: DETECT THE BACK EMF DURING THE PWM ON TIME Fig. 3. Winding terminal voltage during the PWM on time.

From phase A, we can derive the value of νn III. IMPROVED DIRECT BACK-EMF-SENSING SCHEME: DETECT THE BACK EMF DURING THE PWM ON TIME From phase A, we can derive the value of νn From phase B, we can derive the value of νn From (7) and (8), we derive (7) (8) (9)

In a balanced three-phase system, if only the fundamental III. IMPROVED DIRECT BACK-EMF-SENSING SCHEME: DETECT THE BACK EMF DURING THE PWM ON TIME In a balanced three-phase system, if only the fundamental frequency is considered, we have (10) Incorporating (10) into (9), we obtain (11) So, the terminal voltage νc can be expressed by (12)

IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Fig. 4. Hardware implementation for improved back-EMF detection

IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Fig. 5. Implementation of improved direct back-EMF-sensing scheme.

IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (b) Fig. 6. Key waveforms for back-EMF sensing during (a)PWM off time and (b)PWM on time.

IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Fig. 8. Running system at 100% duty cycle.

V. MOTOR-ROTATION DETECTION AND CURRENT SENSING A. Motor-Rotation Detection Fig. 9. Back-EMF signals when motor is rotating by windmilling effect.

V. MOTOR-ROTATION DETECTION AND CURRENT SENSING Fig. 10. Three resistors Rn are added in the winding terminals.

V. MOTOR-ROTATION DETECTION AND CURRENT SENSING Fig. 11. Back-EMF signals after adding three terminal resistors.

V. MOTOR-ROTATION DETECTION AND CURRENT SENSING B. Current Sensing Fig. 12. Current-sensing circuit.

V. MOTOR-ROTATION DETECTION AND CURRENT SENSING Fig. 13. Motor current and voltage signal from MOSFET.

VI.CONCLUSION The original direct back-EMF-sensing scheme has a maximum duty-cycle limitation, since there is a required highside-switch minimum PWM off time to do the detection The improved direct back-EMF-sensing scheme eliminates this duty-cycle limitation by adding the option of sensing the back EMF during the high-side-switch PWM on time. For automotive applications, the algorithm to detect motor rotation caused by the windmilling effect is very useful. Also,the method of measuring voltage drop on MOSFET can provide over-current protection for the circuit but without currentsensing resistor. .

REFERENCES [1] K. Rajashekara, A. Kawamura, and K. Matsuse, Sensorless Control of AC Motor Drives. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1996. [2] D. Erdman, “Control system, method of operating an electronically commutated motor, and laundering apparatus,” U.S. Patent 4 654 566, Mar. 31, 1987. [3] K. Uzuka and H. Uzuhashi et al., “Microcomputer control for sensorless brushless motor,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-21, no. 4, pp. 595–601, May/Jun. 1985. [4] R. Becerra, T. Jahns, and M. Ehsani, “Four quadrant sensorless brushless ECM drive,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. and Expo., 1991, pp. 202–209. [5] J. Moreira, “Indirect sensing for rotor flux position of permanent magnet AC motors operating in a wide speed range,” in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, 1994, pp. 401–407. [6] J. Shao, D. Nolan, and T. Hopkins, “A novel direct back EMF detection for sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, 2002, pp. 33–38.

REFERENCES [7] J. Shao, D. Nolan, M. Tessier, and D. Swanson, “A novel microcontrollerbased sensorless brushless (BLDC) motor drive for automotive fuel pumps,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1734–1740, Nov./Dec. 2003. [8] J. Shao, D. Nolan, and T. Hopins, “Improved direct back EMF detection for sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, 2003, pp. 300–305. [9] J. Shao and T. Hopkins, “Determining rotation of a freewheeling motor,” U.S. Patent Application 20 050 030 002, 2003. [10] R. Krishnan and R. Ghosh, “Starting algorithm and performance of a PM DC brushless motor drive system with no position sensor,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, 1989, pp. 815–821. [11] J. Shao, D. Nolan, and T. Hopins, “A direct back EMF detection for sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives and the start-

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