Chapter 7: Freud and Jung A History of Psychology (3rd Edition) John G. Benjafield

The Unconscious ‘Not conscious or knowing within oneself; unaware, regardless, heedless’ ‘Not characterized by, or endowed with, the faculty or presence of consciousness’ ‘Not realized or known as existing in oneself’ ‘Not attended by, or present to, consciousness; performed, employed, etc., without conscious action’

Anton Mesmer (1734 – 1815) Mesmerism → Hypnotism Animal Magnetism: the force to which Mesmer attributed hypnotic effects

Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) Childhood: –Top of class at the ‘Gymnasium’ 1881: Entered university –Experienced anti-Semitism –Ernst Brüke = influential teacher 1885: Went to study in Paris –Studied with Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière Hospital –Focused on patients with hysteria

Hysteria Conversion hysteria: the patient has a physical symptom, such as paralysis or lack of feeling in a part of the body –Ex. Glove anaesthesia: no sensation in the hand below the wrist Potential causes? –Neural disorder –Fabrication –Unconscious forces (Freud)

Case of Anna O. Real name: Bertha Pappenheim 1880: treated by Joseph Breuer Symptoms included: paralysis of both legs and the right arm Diagnosis: hysteria Treatment: hypnosis

Case of Anna O., cont’d. Freud began to adopt Breuer’s procedure; published an account of it together Catharsis: the process by which the expression of an emotion removes its pathological effect

Repression Freud began to see hysterical symptoms as the result of sexual trauma that had occurred in early childhood –Based his conclusion on cases of six men and twelve women Freud argued that the symptoms of hysteria were the result of repression –Person forgets painful experiences but trace of the memory still exists in the unconscious

Repressed Memories as Fantasy Freud eventually came to believe that the descriptions of sexual abuse given by his patients were actually fantasties –Represented infantile wishes on the part of the patients Ex. Oedipus complex

Project for a Scientific Psychology Written in 1895; published posthumously in 1950 One of its goals was to explain the nature of consciousness in neurological terms Served as a draft of Freud’s preliminary ideas

Primary vs. Secondary Processes Primary process –Follow the pleasure principle Secondary processes –Follow the reality principle

The Interpretation of Dreams Ch. 1 – 6: review of previous work on dreams Ch. 7: Freud presented his own theory –‘certain memories actually cause dreams’

Freud’s Dynamic Model Represented by a triangle –Top = conscious system Contains all those things of which we are aware –Middle = preconscious system Contains all those things of which we are not now aware but of which we could become aware –Bottom = unconscious system Contains those things of which we are not aware and cannot directly become aware

Dreams Dreams = unconscious wishes + preconscious material Manifest content: what we experience when we dream Latent content: what we discover by analyzing a dream Free association: procedure by which the patient begins by thinking about a dream and then saying whatever comes to mind without censoring

Development of the Personality Psychosexual stages: Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Genital stage Risk of fixation at each stage

Structure of the Personality Id Ego –Realistic anxiety –Moral anxiety Superego –Neurotic anxiety

Religion and Culture Freud influenced by Sir James G. Frazer –Cultural anthropologist Incest taboo Primal horde Life instinct (Eros) Death instinct (Thanatos)

Freud and America Freud visited the United States in 1909 Lectured on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Worcester, MA –Visit was highly publicized Led to subsequent popularity of psychoanalysis in the United States

Freud’s Death Freud family left Vienna for England –After Anna Freud was interrogated by the Gestapo Freud died shortly after arriving in England –Had suffered from cancer of the palate since 1923 –Died on 23 September 1939

Freud’s Critics and Supporters within Psychoanalysis Anna Freud Karen Horne Alfred Adler C.G. Jung

Anna Freud (1895 – 1982) Freud’s daughter, secretary, nurse, etc. Known for her elaboration of the defence mechanisms: –Displacement –Projection –Rationalization –Reaction formation

Karen Horney (1885 – 1952) Born and educated in Germany; moved to United States in 1932 Became first woman to found an independent psychoanalytic society (the American Institute for Psychoanalysis) Argued neurosis was outcome of child’s response to basic anxiety 1. Moving towards people 2. Moving away from people 3. Moving against people

Alfred Adler (1870 – 1937) Was uncomfortable with Freud’s emphasis on sexuality Focused on role of feelings of inferiority in human development Believed birth order was particularly important

C.G. Jung (1875 – 1961) Trained as a physician Began writing to Freud after reading The Interpretation of Dreams Visited Freud in Vienna in 1907 Accompanied Freud to US in 1909 –His lecture focused on the technique of word association

Freud vs. Jung Freud Saw the libido as sexual energy Jung Wanted to desexualize the concept of the libido –Broader concept of the libido

Analytical Psychology Jung left the psychoanalytic movement Founded his own theoretical school: analytical psychology –Later came to be called archetypal psychology 1921: Psychological Types

Extraversion and Introversion Opposing tendencies General features of mental life Refers to the ways in which different people relate to the world

The Unconscious Collective unconscious: characteristics possessed by the species as a whole Personal unconscious: analogous to Freud’s concept of the unconscious

Archetypes Exploration of the collective unconscious reveals existence of archetypes Archetypes: ‘the pattern from which copies are made’ –Anima: the masculine image of femininity –Animus: the feminine image of masculinity Persona: one’s public self

Balancing Opposites Jung: the goal of the person is to balance the opposing tendencies within themselves –Concept drawn in part from medieval alchemy

The Four Functions Perceptual Functions: Sensation and intuition Judgmental Functions: Thinking and feeling