D IRECTIONS : Take out your mythical creatures dichotomous key Check it thoroughly! Be prepared to trade!

U NIT 6: L IFE ’ S S TRUCTURE AND C LASSIFICATION 1/23/12 EQ: What are cells? IA: Using the dichotomous key below, identify the following organism 1a. This organism has an exoskeleton (go to question 2) 1b. This organism has an endoskeleton or no skeleton (go to question 3) 2a. This organism has thin black body and a red stripe on it's abdomen (go to question 3a.) 2b. This organism has a thick black body and large grey/brown abdomen (go to question 3b). 3a. Organism is Latrodectus hasselti (black widow spider) 3b. Organism is Atrax infensus (funnel-web spider)

WORD SPLASH! Write down everything you know about the word Cell

W HAT ARE CELLS ? Cells are the basic unit of life. They carry out all of the necessary functions for an organism to develop, reproduce and consume/use energy Discovered by Robert Hooke

C ELL T HEORY Microscopes allowed for the realization that cells existed All organisms are made up of one or more cells The cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms All cells come from cells An organism can be one cell or many cells like most plants and animals Even in complex organisms, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function Most cells can divide to from two new, identical cells.

A CTIVITY : E XPLORING THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF C ELLS There are TWO types of cells: PROKARYOTIC and EUKARIOTIC 1) Write down the following definition MEMBRANE: boundary or lining in an organism 2) Turn to page 232 in the text 3) Draw and label each of the cells in Figure 8 4) Create a T-chart to compare each of these cells How are they similar? How are they different?

C ELLS Structures are not bound by a membrane Only found in one celled organisms like bacteria No nucleus Structures are bound by a membrane Has a nucleus ProkaryoteEukaryote

EQ: How can I view different cells? IA: How is a prokaryotic cell different than a eukaryotic cell? Are animal cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Stations Activity: Visit each of the tables. You will have 20 minutes per table. U NIT 6: L IFE ’ S S TRUCTURE AND C LASSIFICATION 1/24/12

W HAT IS THE MICROSCOPE ? Microscopes give us a glimpse into a previous invisible world. There are many types of microscopes, but in science class we will use two kinds: Compound Light and Dissection microscopes Activity: Read the blurbs next to each microscope. Label on your handout the different parts of the compound light microscope. Then, in your notebook compare and contrast the compound light and the dissection scopes. Use a Venn-Diagram to do this.

L IFT THE FLAP TO SEE IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY IDENTIFIED THE MICROSCOPE PARTS !

C OMPOUND LIGHT M ICROSCOPE (CLM) A compound microscope is composed of many important, functional components. Developed initially by van Leewenhooke and refined over time, microscopes are a very important laboratory instrument. There are at least two lenses – the ocular lens and objective lens. The ocular lens is in the eyepiece; it is usually 10x power. The objective lenses are near the stage on the revolving nosepiece. There are usually multiple objective lenses that are used to vary the magnification; on many microscopes the objectives are 4x, 10x and 40x magnification

S TEREOSCOPIC ( DISSECTING ) MICROSCOPES A stereoscopic or dissecting microscope is a relatively low magnification (often 2x-30x) microscope that is good for viewing large objects. As its name implies, it is better than a compound microscope for dissecting many materials (e.g. small animals, plants, organs) because it produces a 3-dimensional image. Although its magnification is generally less than that of a compound microscope, it has a couple of advantages over compound scopes. First, it has a large depth of field, so you can observe thick objects with most parts in focus at the same time. Second, you can illuminate your sample using incident light as well as transmitted light, so that thick objects which will not transmit much light can be illuminated adequately to view. Dissecting microscopes have an objective lens which often allows a continuous range of magnification (from 2-30x), controlled by a magnification knob. There is a focus knob, and a source of transmitted light (adjustable); many scopes also contain a source of incident light. Another difference from a compound microscope is that the stage is much farther from the objective lens, allowing large objects to be placed on the stage.

C ALCULATING T OTAL M AGNIFICATION When you look through a microscope, objects are much bigger than they appear. It is very easy to calculate how much larger the microscope presents an object. The ocular lens has a 10x magnification. The objective lenses could be 10x, 1x, 4x or 2x magnification. To calculate the final magnification, you need to combine the eyepiece and objective lens magnifications. Example: Eyepiece: 10x (10x) x (4x)= 40x total magnification Objective lens: 4x

P RACTICE : C ALCULATE THE TOTAL MAGNIFICATION IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES IN YOUR NOTEBOOK Eye pieceObjective Lens Total Magnification 10x4x 10x 3x 10x2x 10x1x Complete the practice examples on your lab handout.

C ARING FOR YOUR M ICROSCOPE 1) Always carry the microscope holding the arm with one hand and supporting the base with the other hand. 2) Don’t touch the lenses with your fingers 3) The coarse adjustment knob is used only when looking through the lowest-power objective lens. The fine adjustment knob is used when the high power objective is in place. 4) Cover the microscope when you store it. Describe the proper way to carry a microscope on Step 2 of the lab handout

I F TIME PERMITS ….. Complete the reading activity on the back of your hand out.

U SING A MICROSCOPE 1) Place the microscope on a flat surface that is clear of objects. The arm should be towards you. 2) Look through the eyepiece. Adjust the diaphragm so light comes through the opening in the stage. 3) Place a slide on the stage so the specimen is in the field of view. Hold it firmly by using the stage clips. 4) Always focus the coarse adjustment and the low power objective lens first. 5) After the objective is in focus on low-power, turn the nose piece until the high power objective is in place. 6) Use only the fine objective to focus with the high-power objective lens.

T RY IT ! Draw and label three different cells on the handout of your lab sheet.

U NIT 6: L IFE ’ S S TRUCTURE AND C LASSIFICATION 1/25- 26/12 EQ: How are animal cells organized? IA: Microscope/Cells Quiz! Cells Brainpop! d=248477&title=Cells__Cells__Parts_of_the_Cell _Rap

R EVIEW : S TRUCTURE AND F UNCTION Structure: what something is shaped like Function: what something can do

W HAT IS AN ORGANELLE ? Organelles are the working parts of a cell. They are directed to carry out their function

A NIMAL C ELL

Support Protection controls movement of materials in/out of cell barrier between cell and its environment maintains homeostasis Controls cell activities Cell MembraneNucleus

supports /protects cell organelles Carries materials through the cell Rough ER: has ribosomes attached on the outside CytoplasmEndoplasmic Reticulum

Produces proteinsBreaks down sugar molecules into energy RibosomeMitochondrion

Stores food, water, waste (plants need to store large amounts of food) breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules *digests old cell parts VacuoleLysosome

A CTIVITY Create a tab foldable for each of the organelles. You must describe the function of each organelle

CAPS Bill Nye Cells Video d=223796