Lesson 1 1. Progressives sought reforms in politics and society, including reforms to labor laws, health and safety, municipal government, woman suffrage, and social welfare issues such as Prohibition. They hoped to achieve these goals by applying scientific techniques to make government more efficient and improve society. They also relied on muckraking journalists and progressive organizations to lobby for change. 2. Progressives believed that by having city governments run by experts instead of by corrupt political machines, government would become more democratic and more responsive to citizens. 3. Many nineteenth-century suffragists had been abolitionists, so more turned their focus to suffrage after the Civil War. Middle-class women began to realize that they needed to vote to enact their favored reforms. An industrialized nation meant that more women worked in factories, and these women wished to vote to win labor laws and protections.

Lesson 2 4. First, he broke up a potential monopoly by a railroad holding company, Northern Securities, to show he would not support monopolies. Then, he intervened in a strike between unionized coal workers and mine owners. Finally, he established government agencies such as the Department of Commerce and Labor and strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission so the federal government could regulate big business. 5. Roosevelt used the expanded power of the government to conserve resources in the West. He also protected a great deal of forestland and established the national parks. These actions allow the federal government to protect land that might otherwise be damaged. 6. Both presidents worked to control the power of big business by busting trusts and regulating business practices. Both also created programs and policies to protect the environment through conservation.

Lesson 3 7. They differed in their attitude toward the trusts. Roosevelt believed that the trusts were necessary for efficiency and should be regulated by government, but Wilson believed that the trusts should be destroyed to allow for greater competition. 8. The act established the Federal Reserve, which continues to cushion banks in times of financial difficulties and influence the economy by setting interest rates and controlling the money supply. 9. The Progressive movement succeeded in bringing about many reforms to improve the efficiency and honesty of city government, the safety of working conditions, and the rights of women and children. It failed to bring about many improvements to the rights of African Americans or to discourage discrimination against racial and religious minority groups.

Lesson Widespread industrialization and urbanization created new problems of poverty, safety, and corruption that like-minded individuals eventually began working to reform during the Progressive Era. 11. President Taft attempted to reform tariffs against the advice of President Roosevelt. Taft appointed a conservative businessman as the secretary of the interior, unlike Roosevelt, who appointed a dedicated conservationist to the same position. 12. When former president Theodore Roosevelt decided to run as a third-party candidate, Republicans split their support between Roosevelt and sitting President Taft. This cleared the way for Woodrow Wilson to win the electoral vote with less than a majority of the popular vote. 13. Wilson increased government control over business by supporting the creation of the Federal Trade Commission to deter businesses from engaging in business practices that unfairly hampered competition.

Lesson 3 Exploring the Essential Question 14. Students may create posters that show each president with a definition of progressivism—a collection of ideas and activities on how to fix problems that progressives saw in American society. A list of actions and policies could be noted for each president. A close reading of the chapter will provide the policies and actions undertaken by each president.

Lesson 3 Document-Based Questions 15. President Roosevelt stands beside John Muir, a preservationist, hoping to maintain land in its natural state, and uses the rugged backdrop of Yosemite Valley to show his support for the conservation of the nation’s natural resources. 16. Roosevelt, already an enthusiastic outdoorsman, was able to get a firsthand look at the magnitude of Yosemite and reconfirm his belief that public land should not be exploited, but be conserved for future generations

Lesson 3 Extended-Response Question 17. Student answers should identify policies and legislation supported by each president that strengthened government control over big business, reduced or eliminated child labor, encouraged health and safety efforts, and helped the poor.

Discussion How did muckrakers help change society? By presenting and publicizing social problems in need of reform

Discussion How did women like Alice Paul transform the woman suffrage movement? Alice Paul and the more radical members of the suffrage movement made suffrage more visible and more vocal by staging parades, picketing the White House, and participating in hunger strikes.

Discussion What issues were central to the Progressive movement? Woman suffrage; poverty; education; child labor; business regulation and workplace safety; temperance

Discussion What were trusts? Why did the government fight them? A trust was a form of monopoly. The government broke up trusts to promote competition in the market.