Invited Plenary Speech, CAMAN 2012, Wuhan, China Recent Trends of Higher Education and Challenges for Management Dian-Fu Chang, Professor Tamkang University, New Taipei City

2 2 New Challenges in the 21 st Century Contents 1 1 Trends of Higher Education 3 3 Models of Higher Education Management 5 5 Examples of Related Studies 4 4 Knowledge Production

Trends of Higher Education 1. Trends of Higher Education Contemporary higher education has been influenced by two mega-trends— globalization and massification

In the twenty-first century, globalization has had a substantial impact on all of higher education, and simultaneously, massification has influenced the globalized academic environment.

According to UNESCO data, 165 million students participated in formal tertiary education worldwide in 2009; this is an increase of 65 million students since 2000 and a growth of 65% (UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2011). Globally, the increase in the number of foreign students can be contrasted to the rise in tertiary enrolment.

Most countries currently view international academic mobility and educational exchange as critical components for sharing knowledge, building intellectual capital, and remaining competitive in a globalizing world.

In the United States alone, higher education is the fifth largest service export sector, with in-bound international students contributing US$17.7 billion to the economy each year (Bhandari & Chow 2009).

2. New Challenges in the 21st Century Source: Jung Cheol Shin & Grant Harman(2009). New challenges for higher education: global and Asia-Pacific perspectives. Asia Pacific Educ. Rev. 10:1-13. Globalization Internationalization Egalitarianism: Equality Access to higher education Standardization of curriculum/degree Teaching-focused Elitism: Excellence Quality of higher education Knowledge production Research-focused Massification Privatization Governance & Accountability Mobility of faculty and students Rankings, world-class university

2. 1 Challenges: Massification Source: World Bank edstats data query, OECD Stat Extracts. Tertiary enrollment

Enrollment at Private Institution Source: OECD Stat Extracts. 2.2 Challenges: Privatization

Governmental Expenditure for Tertiary Education(%) Source: OECD Stat Extracts. 2.2 Challenges: Privatization

Proportion of International students (%) 2.3 Challenges: Internationalization

WCU by Language Source: The Times ranking homepage. 2.4 Challenges: WCU & Global Ranking

Teaching and Research Systems French ModelGerman ModelAmerican Model Educa- tion Resea -rch dual system Education & Research integrated system Education Research graduate & undergraduate 3. Models of Higher Education Management

State, University Managers and Professors State Univ. Manager Professor Continental Europe BritishAmerica (Clark, 1983) 3.1 Locus of Higher Education Management

Management and University Relationships State QA Funding HEIs 3.2 HE Systems: Quality Assurance & Funding Policy

Year HE Budget Total HE Budget Formula-base Evaluation-based Notes: a) Unit: Million Korean Won. b) Total budget is based on the Education Budget (from 1989 to 2004) c) Formula-based budget is the total of conventional budget and the evaluation-based budget is the total of 11 funding projects that are designed to allocate budget based on institutional evaluation. d) Sources: Annual Education Budget (Korean Ministry of Education, ) 3.3 Change of Budget Mechanism

4. Knowledge Production Worldwide Total Publication Source: US National Science Board, 2010

4.1 Knowledge Production: Share of Publication by Country (%)

Source: US National Science Board, Knowledge Production: Growth Rate of Publication (from 1995)

5. Examples of Study In the United Kingdom and the United States, research and teaching quality ratings have influenced government funding for individual higher education institutions (Patrick & Stanley, 1998). Meanwhile, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan has since 2005 promoted the “Teaching Excellence Project”, aimed at improving university teaching quality driven by a funding reward system.

Teaching Quality Assessment We used SEM (structural equation model) analysis to test university teaching quality assessment model. The five indicators, including resources, curriculum, teachers, counseling, and satisfaction with teaching, have a significant positive correlation with teaching quality

Findings: 1. Teaching quality questioned after expansion in quantity of higher education; 2. The teaching quality at universities did not meet student expectations. 3. It needs assess university teaching quality regularly using the teaching quality assessment model.

5.2 Time Management for College Students

Fuzzy means, Defuzzification, and Distance of fuzzy interval numbers d(χ 1, χ 2 )= +

Triangular fuzzy numbers

5.3 Fuzzy measure study abroad and… We applied the fuzzy measurement to collect the college students’ perceptions of their campus life and their intention to stay at domestic campus or study abroad. This study used the self-designed fuzzy questionnaire to collect the data from 289 college students in Taiwan.

An example of the self-designed fuzzy questionnaire:

The results revealed that fuzzy statistics can be applied to tackle ambiguity questions in different fields. The fuzzy correlation provides more detail information to interpret what students have done and what they intent to do.

Study abroad by gender difference

Idea of fuzzy correlation

Testing of Fuzzy correlation

5.4 Fuzzy evaluating management performance and marketing strategies

Fuzzy evaluating management performance

TQM in Higher Education The challenges: ◦ Customer driven ◦ Data-intensive ◦ Result-oriented

Thanks Dian-Fu Chang