THE ORIGINS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

1- Europe in the World: Nationalisms and internationalisms 3-The evolution of war in the early 20 th century 4- The souvenir of 1870, Alsace-Lorraine and revenge: Franco-German relations until Economic and colonial rivalries 6- The evolution of international relations: Balkan entanglements 8-Assassination in Sarajevo: the march to war

The Industrial Revolution : acceleration of globalization The impact of new technologies

E quality between men The people is sovereign = THE BIRTH OF MODERN DEMOCRACY

The end of dynastic conflicts New technological innovations - The American Civil War ( )

Increased technological gap Europe-Non European societies Europe’s expansionism accelerates in the 19 th century

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck Darwin

A common universal ancestor

Herbert Spencer The survival of the fittest in society Little to no government interference EACH PERSON CONTROLS HIS OR HER ECONOMIC DESTINY

“The growth of large corporation is merely a survival of the fittest, the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.”

Two powerful states: China & Japan China (the Middle-Kingdom): One of the largest empires on the planet Strong political and administrative centralization (30,000 imperial bureaucrats)

The First Opium War ( ) and the Treaty of Nanking: British economic penetration in China + Hong Kong Political anarchy = Treaty of Tientsin (1858) and increased European economic penetration 1860: the Franco-British expedition Permanent European embassies in China

The Meiji era ( ) Traditional Japanese values such as honor and sacrifice were put to the new Japan’s service Systematic imitation of foreign traditions

Fukuzawa Yukichi European-style military instruction The learning of English Diplomatic missions to the U.S. and Europe The assimilation of Western technologies

The Russo-Japanese War ( ): the first major military victory of an Asian power over a European nation Korea colonized (1910) COLLISION COURSE WITH THE UNITED STATES

“the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” : No to the French expedition to Mexico From continental to global expansion

1- The “independence” of Cuba 2- The Philippines, Puerto Rican and Guam granted to the U.S. in return for a $20 million payment to Spain The U.S. had already annexed Wake Island and Hawaii INTENSE DEBATE: EXPANSIONISTS vs. ISOLATIONISTS

The end of the frontier (1890) = the need to find new markets for American goods The Chinese market: 400 million consumers Intense lobbying: the American China Development Company The Philippines: a door to China

Secretary of State - John Hay 1- China’s territorial integrity MUST be respected 2- European powers MUST permit free trade ports in their spheres of influence

China’s weakened state = deep resentment among Chinese Foreign intervention Expansion of existing spheres of influence The Second Open Door Note An American sphere of influence

A key global role for the U.S. The rise of jingoism (nationalism + racism): the superiority of the “Anglo-Saxon race” To bring freedom, democracy and progress to “inferior” races – The “White Man’s Burden” AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM

A constitutional monarchy BUT 1907: Great Britain and Russia agreed on a possible dismemberment of Iran