Plate Tectonics It’s a pretty zany idea What brought it about? Geologic observations made by Wegener and first suggested in 1915 Why is it important?
Geographic Evidence Fossil Evidence Types of Evidence for Continental Drift
Evidence from Glacial DepositsEvidence from Coal Deposits
Magnetic Evidence Patterns of reversal are nearly mirror image The Earth’s magnetic field can be: Normal: Compass points North Reversed: Compass points South The direction of the magnetic field is recorded by rocks as they form
Animation From Smith and Pun Sea Floor Spreading and Sea Floor Magnetism skip
Whole Ocean Magnetics
How Plates Behave (Bean pot analogy) Smith and Pun Plate Motions Through Time
The Plates The plates are essentially RIGID pieces of the Earth’s crust They move due to convection of the mantle They can contain both OCEANIC and CONTINENTAL crust Passive Margin Active Margin (Plate Boundary)
Isostacy D=kTDepth below waterline H=(1-k)THeight above waterline k= B / W Fraction of block below water line H D T Thick PineThin PineThin Oak
Where does continental crust come from?
Continental Crust
Three Basic Types of Plate Boundaries Divergent - plates moving away from one another (Tension) Convergent - plates moving toward one another (Compression) Transform - plates moving past one another (Shear) ! Most plates include con/divergent and transform components !
Smith and Pun Correlating Processes and Plate Boundaries
Smith and Pun Sea Floor Spreading and Sea Floor Magnetization Motion at Divergent Boundaries skip
Formation of Oceanic Crust Pillow lavas Sheeted dikes Sediments Gabbro Peridotite (Mantle rock)
Life at Midocean Ridges
midocean RIDGES Hotter Less Dense Higher Cooler More Dense Lower Cooler More Dense Lower
Smith and Pun Forming a Divergent Boundary ANIMATION 20 - Plate Divergence
Smith and Pun Motion at Convergent Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries Oceanic crust is denser and “rides lower” than continental crust Expect different things to happen –Ocean-Continent Collisions –Continent Continent Collisions Trenches Mountains
Animations Subduction –Animation 20- Ocean-Continent –Animation 20- Continent-Continent
Transform Boundaries San Andreas Fault in California –Animation 20-Transform Boundaries Transform Faults in Midocean Ridges –Motion at a transform plate boundary
The Complex Nature of Plate Boundaries
Hotspots –Smith and Pun: Hotspots and Plumes
What drives the plates?
What drives the plates, really?