U.S HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT REGENTS REVIEW POWER POINT 4 Civil War to Jim Crow Laws

Differences Between North and South North – Economy based on production and trade – Large population – Center of abolitionist movement South – Economy based on farming – Small population – Slavery was a widespread practice

Long Term Causes of the Civil War States’ Rights Debate: Southern states believed that they could nullify a federal law if they believed that it was unconstitutional – Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification Extension of Slavery into the Territories – Missouri Compromise 1821: Maine enters as free state, Missouri enters as slave state; no slavery in LA territory – Compromise of 1850: California enters as free state, Texas enters as slave state; popular sovereignty used to decide status of slavery in Mexican Cession – Bleeding Kansas: Kansas Nebraska Act states that popular sovereignty will be used to decided status of slavery in LA territory; causes violence over the issue; overrules Missouri Compromise

Immediate Causes of the Civil War Republican Party: – Stop the spread of slavery into the territories Dred Scott v. Sanford: – Pro-slavery ruling; Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional bc it denies a slaveholder his right to property Raid at Harper’s Ferry – Failed slave uprising strikes fear in the south Election of 1860 – Republican Abraham Lincoln elected as president despite the fact that no southern state voted for him Southern Secession 1861 – Southern states secede from the Union creating their own country

Lincoln’s Wartime Goals and Actions Lincoln’s 1 st Inaugural Address – Goal in declaring war on the south is to preserve the Union Lincoln’s Wartime Actions – Made military decisions without the consent of Congress – Suspends habeas corpus in Union territories – Martial law: arrest anyone who is suspected of disloyalty – Overall effect: strengthens the federal gov’t

Union Advantages Population – Larger population means greater supply of soldiers Production – Most factories were located in the North – Easier to ascertain supplies Transportation – 90% of RR lines were located in the North – Easier to transport supplies and soldiers Location – Most of the fighting happened in the South

Major Events of the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg 1863 – Considered the turning point of the Civil War – 3 day battle – Union emerges as the victor and continues to push confederate army back into the south Sherman’s Total War – March from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean – Destroy everything: plantations, livestock, homes, etc. Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse 1865 – Union army surrounded Lee and the confederate army – After one month of being surrounded with no supplies, Lee surrendered to Grant

Reconstruction Plans Lincoln’s Plan – Show leniency on the south – Heal the nation’s wounds quickly – South was never separated from the Union Radical Reconstruction – Harsh on the south – Use of military to ensure south’s cooperation

Help for Freedmen Freedmen’s Bureau – Gov’t funded program – Builds schools and help freed slaves find jobs 13 th Amendment 1865 – Slavery is illegal 14 th Amendment – Citizenship and equal protection under the law for freed slaves – Legal protection cannot be denied based on race 15 th Amendment 1870 – The ability to vote cannot be denied based on race

Freedmen Voting Restrictions Poll Tax – Voters must pay a tax in order to vote Literacy Test – Voters must pass a rigorous reading test in order to vote Grandfather Clause – Anyone whose father/grandfather voted in the election of 1868 is exempt from poll taxes and literacy test – Automatically excluded freedmen bc they did not receive the right to vote until 1870 Ku Klux Klan – Use of violence against freedmen and white republicans – Scare these groups from voting

Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment Andrew Johnson passed almost 30 vetoes Against helping freedmen Radical Republican Congress impeached Johnson Johnson was acquitted by Senate (by one vote) Impeachments of Johnson in 1868 and Clinton in 1998 are similar because both presidents were acquitted

Segregation Jim Crow Laws: establish segregation in the south – Blacks and whites were kept separate in all public facilities Plessy v. Fergusson 1896: upholds the constitutionality of segregation – Segregation is acceptable if the facilities are separate but equal

Cycle of Poverty Plantation owners still need to operate large farms Sharecropping: – Plantation owners become landlords – Former slaves become tenant farmers – Tenant farmers share their profits with landlord Poor harvests make it difficult for landlords and tenant farmers to repay debts keeping them in a constant cycle of debt and poverty