Autonomic Nervous System ( ANS) Part 2 Dr Taha Sadig Ahmed Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh

Effect of sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation Organsympatheticparasympathetic Heart SA node Myocardium\ Lung Gastro-intestinal tract ( GIT) Metabolism Increased heart rate Increased force of contraction Dilatation of bronchioles Decreased motility + Secretion + constricted sphincters Increased metabolic rate + catabolism dominates Decreased heart rate Decrease force of contraction Constriction of bronchioles Increased motility + secretion + relaxed sphincters Anabolism dominates

Organ sympatheticparasympathetic Pupil of the eye Glands Nasal Lacrimal Parotid Submandibular Gastric Pancreatic Blood vessels Dilatation of pupil Slight secretion Constriction Constriction of pupil Copious secretion Little or no effect

SEGMENTAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Sympathetic fibers from cord segment T-1 generally pass up the sympathetic chain to terminate in the head; T-2 to terminate in the neck T-3, T-4, T-5, and T-6 into the thorax T-7, T-8, T-9, T-10, and T-11 into the abdomen T-12, L-1, and L-2 into the legs.

Blue= Para symp; Red symp Distribution of Sympathrtic & Parasympathetic Systems

THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM  The sympathetic system enables the body to be prepared for fear, flight or fight  Sympathetic responses include an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output  Diversion of blood flow from the skin and splanchnic vessels to those supplying skeletal muscle  Increased pupil size, bronchiolar dilation, contraction of sphincters and metabolic changes such as the mobilisation of fat and glycogen.

Sympathetic Activation  Fightn or Flight Response

Fight-or-Flight Responses of the Sympathetic System Dominance by the sympathetic system is caused by physical or emotional stress “E situations”Emergency, Embarrassment, Excitement, Exercise Fight-or-Flight Responses ( Alarm Reactions ) of the Sympathetic System : In situations of fear, anger, aggressions & stress in general,the sympathetic system enables the body to be prepared for flight or fight Stimulatory effect on organs and physiological systems, responsible for rapid sensory activity (pupils in the eye) and movement (skeletal muscle). Increased pupil size, bronchiolar dilation, contraction of sphincters and metabolic changes such as the mobilisation of fat and glycogen. Sympathetic responses also include an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output Diverts blood flow away from skin and GIT via vasoconstriction  to blood vessels supplying skeletal muscle Blood flow to skeletal muscles, lungs is not only maintained, but also considerably enhanced

THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Dominance of sympathetic system occurs in “E situations” induced by physical or emotional stress Emergency, Embarrassment, Excitement, Exercise  Dilation of pupils  Increase heart rate, force of contraction & BP  Decrease in blood flow to nonessential organs  Increase in blood flow to skeletal & cardiac muscle  Airways dilate & respiratory rate increases  Blood glucose level increase

Parasympathetic Nervous System (1)  The parasympathetic nervous system has "rest and digest" activity.  Concerned with conservation and restoration of energy, as it causes a reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, and facilitates digestion and absorption of nutrients, and consequently the excretion of waste products  The chemical transmitter at both pre and postganglionic synapses in the parasympathetic system is Acetylcholine (ACh).

Enhance “rest-and-digest” activities Normally dominate over sympathetic impulses SLUDD type responses: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion & defecation 3 “Decreases” decreased HR, diameter of airways and diameter of pupil Paradoxical fear :when there is no escape route or no way to win causes massive activation of parasympathetic division loss of control over urination and defecation Parasynmpathtic Nervous System (2)

THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION Enhance “rest-and-digest” activities Normally dominate over sympathetic impulses SLUDD type responses: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion & defecation 3 “Decreases” decreased HR, diameter of airways and diameter of pupil Paradoxical fear when there is no escape route or no way to win causes massive activation of parasympathetic division loss of control over urination and defecation

Neurotransmitters in ANS Neurotransmitter released by pre-ganglionic axons – Acetylcholine for both branches (cholinergic) Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons – Sympathetic – most release Norepinephrine (adrenergic) – Parasympathetic  acetylcholine (cholinergic)

ANS Receptors Acetylcholine activates two types of receptors. They are called Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are found on all effector cells that are stimulated by the postganglionic cholinergic neurons of either the parasympathetic nervous system or the sympathetic system. Nicotinic receptors are found in the autonomic ganglia at the synapses between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SympatheticSympathetic (adrenergic, with exceptions)adrenergic Parasympathetic Parasympathetic (muscarinic)muscarinic circulatory system cardiac output increasesM2: decreases SA nodeSA node: heart rate (chronotropic)chronotropic β1, β2: increasesM2: decreases cardiac musclecardiac muscle: contractility (inotropic)inotropic β1, β2: increases M2: decreases (atria only)atria conduction at AV nodeAV node β1: increasesM2: decreases vascular smooth muscle M3: contracts; α = contracts; β2 = relaxes --- platelets α2: aggregates--- mast cellsmast cells - histaminehistamine β2: inhibits---

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SympatheticSympathetic (adrenergic)adrenergic Parasympatheti cParasympatheti c (muscarinic)muscarinic respiratory system smooth musclessmooth muscles of bronchioles bronchioles β2: relaxes (major contribution); α1: contracts (minor contribution) M3: contracts nervous system pupilpupil of eyeeyeα1: relaxesM3: contracts ciliary muscleβ2: relaxesM3: contracts

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SympatheticSympathetic (adrenergic, with exceptions)adrenergic Parasympathetic Parasympathetic (muscarinic)muscarinic digestive system salivary glandssalivary glands: secretions β: stimulates viscous, amylase secretions; α1 = stimulates potassium cationamylasepotassium stimulates watery secretions lacrimal glandslacrimal glands (tears)decreasesM3: increases kidneykidney (renin)reninsecretes--- parietal cells---M1: secretion liverα1, β2: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesisglycogenolysisgluconeogenesis--- GI tractGI tract motilitydecreasesM1, M3: increases smooth musclessmooth muscles of GI tractGI tract α, β2: relaxesM3: contracts sphincterssphincters of GI tractGI tractα1: contractsM3: relaxes

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SympatheticSympathetic (adrenergic)adrenergic Parasympathetic Parasympathetic (muscarinic)muscarinic ENDOCRINE pancreaspancreas (islets)isletsα2: decreases secretion--- adrenal medullaNN: secretes epinephrineepinephrine--- urinary system bladderbladder wallβ2: relaxescontracts ureterα1: contractsrelaxes sphincterα1: contracts; β2 relaxesrelaxes sweat gland sweat gland secretions M: stimulates (major contribution); α1: stimulates (minor contribution) --- arrector piliα1: stimulates---