CHAPTERS 12 Unit 3: Genetics

Objectives Understanding of the formation of gametes & the role of DNA Knowledge of genotypic and phenotypic outcomes Mastery of mating, dominance, and incomplete dominance Role of Biotechnology in livestock systems

Gametogenesis Takes place in the sex cells of the male & female  Male=spermatogenesis  Female=oogenesis  Cell division by meiosis Cell Division by Meiosis 1 & 2  Interphase-chromosomes duplicate  “Resting Phase”  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase  Cytokinesis

Spermatogenesis 4 sperm are produced from each primary spermatocyte

Oogenesis First division produces one large oocyte, and one smaller cell (polar body) Second division results in one egg (ovum), and the second polar body Polar bodies eventually die and get reabsorbed

Figure 12.3 Meiosis or reduction cell division in the testicle and ovary (example with two pairs of chromosomes). Source: Colorado State University.

Fertilization Sperm & egg each provide one chromosome to each pair Fertilized egg called a zygote Zygote is diploid (two copies of each gene) Gametes are haploid (one copy of each gene) Each event is random, provides genetic diversity

Figure 12.4 Combining of chromosomes through fertilization (two pairs of genes used for simplification of example). Source: Colorado State University.

DNA The genetic code for each animal is carried in the DNA  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Double helical structure  Location of each gene on the chromosome is called a locus

Figure 12.6 DNA helix and structure of nucleotides.

Figure 12.5 A simplified example showing a pair of chromosomes containing several pairs of genes. Source: Colorado State University.

Genes & Chromosomes Genes & chromosomes are paired-homologous Transmission of traits to offspring is entirely dependent upon which chromosomes are passed on Sex Chromosomes  X & Y  Male carries both X & Y chromosomes  Female only carries the X chromosome

Genes & Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes may differ in the way they influence a trait  Homozygous-if they have the same effect on a trait  Heterozygous-if they have a different effect on a trait  These traits are called alleles  One gene is always dominant while the suppressed gene is recessive Genotype vs. Phenotype  Genotype refers to the genetic code of the trait  Phenotype is the trait that is expressed

Fundamentals of Mating Homozygous dom. X Homozygous dom. Homozygous dom. X Heterozygous Homozygous dom. X Homozygous rec. Heterozygous X Heterozygous Heterozygous X Homozygous rec. Homozygous rec. X Homozygous rec. Mate using a Punnet Square

Gene Interaction Dominance interaction exists when the dominant trait suppresses the recessive trait Incomplete dominance refers to a phenotype that is expressed differently from the dominant and recessive phenotypes Some heterozygotes are superior to homozygotes- Hybrid Vigor Complete dominance, lack of dominance, overdominance

Figure Bar graphs illustrating: (A) complete dominance; (B) lack of dominance; (C) overdominance.

Genetics & the Environment Environment can influence the expression of a genetic trait Give an example

Biotechnology Genetic engineering  Superovulation  Sexing semen  Cloning  ET  Genetic markers  Gene therapy  Genetic selection  Artificial insemination

Biotechnology Applications in genetic biotechnology  Genes can be removed, altered, and reinserted into an embryo in vitro  Genes can be modified or duplicated with the help of growth medium  bST  Genes from one specie can be inserted into another specie to enhance or alter a trait  Transgenesis  Nuclei can be taken from one individual an put together by Nuclear Fusion

Figure A fertilized swine egg photographed at the moment it is microinjected with new genetic material. The vacuum in the large pipette at the bottom anchors the cell while a mixture containing the genetic material is forced through the smaller pipette into one of the egg’s pronuclei. Courtesy of R. E. Hammer and R. L. Brinster, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine.

Figure Somatotropin production for use in cows and pigs.