Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang

2 There are critical questions in cosmology whose answers eluded Einstein Time Magazine “Person of the Century”

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang3 The Standard Hot Big Bang Model Expansion of the Universe is a result of the Big Bang The Universe is about 15 billion years old After the Big Bang: Inflation occurred between second The Particle Zoo emerged within 1 millisecond Baryogenesis era began after 1 millisecond  Light elements synthesized within first 3 minutes Galaxies formed by 1 billion years

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang4 Matter dominated universe

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang5 Old: Matter Dominated Universe Matter Composition: Light elements created in Big Bang; heavy elements in stars 13% baryons (1% stars, 12% molecular clouds, planets and stellar remnants) 0.8 % neutrinos 86% dark matter (non-baryonic) 100 % Total Mass-Energy Budget

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang6 Energy dominated universe

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang7 Now: Energy Dominated Universe Matter Composition: 35% Baryons + Neutrinos + Dark Matter Energy Composition: 65% Vacuum (Dark) Energy 100 % Total Mass-Energy Budget

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang8 The New Standard Hot Big Bang Model The Universe is  Flat : no spacetime curvature  Accelerating: the expansion rate in the present epoch is increasing

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang9 Dark energy

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang10 Dark Energy & The Fundamental Nature of Matter Unexpected Discovery of Dark Energy leads us to ask:  What is it?  Why is it there?  Do we need new theories of space and time? Are there Mysterious Particles Permeating Space?

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang11 Solving the Mystery of Dark Energy What is the connection between dark energy, gravity and the fate of the universe? Is general relativity the ultimate theory of gravity for the universe?

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang12 by Anne Field, STSCI The Accelerating Universe

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang13 Recent Discoveries Recent discoveries have revealed the fundamental connections between the forces of nature and the structure of universe  Distant Type Ia Supernovae  Cosmic Microwave Background  Galaxy Cluster Counting  Theoretical Developments

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang14 Terrestrial telescope discovers supernova Supernovae

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang15 Type Ia Supernovae SN Ia Are very bright light sources visible across the Cosmos Show that expansion of the universe is accelerating through distance-redshift relation Reveal evidence for a mysterious dark energy in the universe Will provide the first measurements of equation of state of universe

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang16 Cosmic microwave background Dense quark-gluon plasma Cosmic Microwave Background

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang17 Cosmic Microwave Background Measures the geometry of spacetime Spacetime geometry depends on the mass- energy density of the universe Observation of a flat universe confirms some of the predictions of inflation–  a revolutionary theory with roots in particle physics

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang18 The Most Distant Galaxy Cluster Distant Galaxy lensed by Cluster CL Simulations of Large Scale Structure Large Scale Structure

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang19 Large Scale Structure Measures the mass density in the universe Reveals matter density is less than half the mass-energy density of a flat universe SNe Ia + CMB + Large Scale Structure show that dark energy and dark matter are more than 90% of the mass-energy budget of the universe.

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang20 "Nature is a perpetual circulatory worker, generating fluids out of solids, and solids out of fluids, fixed things out of volatile, & volatile out of fixed.“ Isaac Newton "Once you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth." - Sherlock Holmes (by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle) “Facts that at first seem improbable will, even on scant explanation, drop the cloak that has hidden them and stand forth in naked and simple beauty.” -- Galileo Galilei "If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?" "The most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible.“ - Albert Einstein Theoretical questions

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang21 Theoretical Questions Why is the energy density so small?  120 orders of magnitude too small and yet not zero … fine tuning? Why now?  the energy density is about equal to the energy density … coincidence? Will these be answered by new theories beyond Einstein?

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang22

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang23 Unveiling the Dark Energy Precision Cosmology Measuring the equation of state  is it constant in time and space? Supernovae Are the Most Powerful Tools to Discover the Nature of the Dark Energy

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang24 SNAP is better than anything else for acquiring images and spectra of thousands of SNe w0w0 w(z) magnitude - redshift equation of state Next Steps: SNAP

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang25 Supernova Acceleration Probe Space observations of thousands of supernovae will provide the vital breakthrough in precision cosmology to characterize the dark energy SNAP will measure the matter and energy densities, WM & WDE, with exquisite precision SNAP will precisely determine the equation of state of the universe as a function of time and space

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang26 Images Spectra Redshift & SN Properties Lightcurve & Peak Brightness dataanalysisphysics  M and  DE Equation of State Dark Energy Properties Roadmap toward Dark Energy

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang Construction Science R&D LaunchLaunch SNAP Timeline

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang28 A Billion Pixel Imager Bold Ideas, Innovative Tools

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang29 First class students become first class scientists and engineers by using first class instruments and techniques Students Today -Leaders Tomorrow Undergraduates work with scientists and engineers at collaborating institutions. Graduate Students gain immediate research experience on the most exciting current science!

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang30 Education and Public Outreach... if we do discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable in broad principle by everyone, not just a few scientists. - Stephen Hawking

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang31 Science Centers Classrooms Students & Teachers images spectra Undergraduates Graduate students Scientists & Engineers Education and Public Outreach SNAP / EPO Operations Partnerships

Beyond Einstein and the Big Bang32 We Are on the Cusp of Major Advances That Connect Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology Which Are Leading to Breakthroughs in Fundamental Physics.