Domain-Specific Search and the Encyclopedic Internet Vision Network and Complex Systems Group Indiana University Anthony F. Beavers, Ph.D. Philosophy / Cognitive Science The University of Evansville Funding by the Digital Humanities Initiative, National Endowment for the Humanities

What is Noesis? An “intentional” act of consciousness that is correlated with an object An “intentional” act of consciousness that is correlated with an object The act is termed noesis (adj. noetic) The act is termed noesis (adj. noetic) The object is termed noema (pl. noemata, adj. noematic) The object is termed noema (pl. noemata, adj. noematic) The correlation is termed noetic-noematic to indicate the unitary structure of act and object The correlation is termed noetic-noematic to indicate the unitary structure of act and object

Intentionalty & Hypertextuality Hyperlinks are also intentional in this sense Hyperlinks are also intentional in this sense A link in order to be a link must point from a source to a target A link in order to be a link must point from a source to a target Thus the hyperlink forms an intentional or bi- polar relation with one pole at its source and the other pole at its target Thus the hyperlink forms an intentional or bi- polar relation with one pole at its source and the other pole at its target

Two Points of View on Noesis From the noetic point of view: From the noetic point of view: A limited area search engine dedicated to the discipline of philosophy A limited area search engine dedicated to the discipline of philosophy From the noematic point of view: From the noematic point of view: A library of reliable philosophical research designed according to the affordances of the Internet A library of reliable philosophical research designed according to the affordances of the Internet

Some Noetic Affordances Gateway or portal to off-site information Gateway or portal to off-site information Server-side centralization for information analysis, organization, visualization, and quality control Server-side centralization for information analysis, organization, visualization, and quality control Ability to impact a range of noematic affordances Ability to impact a range of noematic affordances

Some Noematic Affordances Organic domain representation (regarding both topical scope and the number of documents) Organic domain representation (regarding both topical scope and the number of documents) Hypertextual Relatability Hypertextual Relatability Decentralization (regarding both data management and data storage) Decentralization (regarding both data management and data storage)

Definitions Search Engine: The mechanism that allows users to find documents Search Engine: The mechanism that allows users to find documents Search Request: The query string that prompts the search engine to respond Search Request: The query string that prompts the search engine to respond Search Return Set: The set of documents returned for a particular search request Search Return Set: The set of documents returned for a particular search request  Search Space: The set of documents that can potentially be returned by an unspecified search request

Parameters May vary according to discipline and task May vary according to discipline and task Search and Browse Modes Search and Browse Modes Random Discovery, Bookshelf Browsing, Exploratory Discovery, Programmatic Research Discovery, Particular Resource Location Random Discovery, Bookshelf Browsing, Exploratory Discovery, Programmatic Research Discovery, Particular Resource Location Quality Control Quality Control Explicit Peer Review – Our Traditional Method Explicit Peer Review – Our Traditional Method Emergent Quality Control – Based on Page Rank, Citation Rank, Search Space Design, etc. Emergent Quality Control – Based on Page Rank, Citation Rank, Search Space Design, etc.

Some Interesting Problems  Emergent organization and quality control  Organic search space design for context- sensitive searching; automatic subset creation Interactive visual interface construction to navigate large information stores Interactive visual interface construction to navigate large information stores Ethical prioritization of information to respect the topical needs of the user and the politics of the profession Ethical prioritization of information to respect the topical needs of the user and the politics of the profession

Some Solutions Limited Area Searching Limited Area Searching Dynamic Classification with an Organic Formal Taxonomy Dynamic Classification with an Organic Formal Taxonomy Document Comparison and Classification with a Recursive Artificial Network Document Comparison and Classification with a Recursive Artificial Network

Limited Area Searching Targets quality control issue and other issues connected to relevance Targets quality control issue and other issues connected to relevance Two-pronged approach divides task into 1) where to search and 2) what to search for Two-pronged approach divides task into 1) where to search and 2) what to search for Three models Three models Argos/Hippias – 1996 / 1997 Argos/Hippias – 1996 / 1997 Noesis 2.0 and earlier – 1998 Noesis 2.0 and earlier – 1998 Noesis 4.0 – 2006 Noesis 4.0 – 2006

The Argos/Hippias Model First ‘peer-reviewed’ search engine online First ‘peer-reviewed’ search engine online Used a set of ‘associate sites’ to determine search space Used a set of ‘associate sites’ to determine search space Searched the associate sites and everything to which they linked Searched the associate sites and everything to which they linked(more)

The Argos/Hippias Model Handed editorial control of content over to the editors of the associate sites Handed editorial control of content over to the editors of the associate sites Provided backbone for EAWC context- sensitive searching Provided backbone for EAWC context- sensitive searching

The Noesis 2.0 Model Based on Plato SE prototype Based on Plato SE prototype Database driven and hand-catalogued Database driven and hand-catalogued Editorial control managed by a team of content editors who manually checked author credentials Editorial control managed by a team of content editors who manually checked author credentials Topic tree formation developed by professional editors (dismal failure with important lessons) Topic tree formation developed by professional editors (dismal failure with important lessons)

The Noesis 4.0 Model Search space based on mapping the profession of philosophy online Search space based on mapping the profession of philosophy online Regions include associations, departments, faculty webspace, online journals and reference works Regions include associations, departments, faculty webspace, online journals and reference works(more)

The Noesis 4.0 Model “By indexing regions, in effect, directories and subdirectories, rather than their contents, Noesis passes editorial control of its search space over to the individuals who, in managing their own web resources, add to, edit, and delete from the content searchable by Noesis…. The result is that the shape and texture of Noesis's search space is determined organically by credentialed scholars whose actions directly determine content.” “By indexing regions, in effect, directories and subdirectories, rather than their contents, Noesis passes editorial control of its search space over to the individuals who, in managing their own web resources, add to, edit, and delete from the content searchable by Noesis…. The result is that the shape and texture of Noesis's search space is determined organically by credentialed scholars whose actions directly determine content.”

Dynamic Classification The Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO) The Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO) Targets the organizational issue by providing an emergent topic tree based on an analysis of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) Targets the organizational issue by providing an emergent topic tree based on an analysis of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) Artificial intelligence-based with feedback from human users Artificial intelligence-based with feedback from human users

Organic Search Space Design / Automatic Subset Creation Based on a comparison of semantic features using a recursive artificial network Based on a comparison of semantic features using a recursive artificial network Will provide targeted context-sensitive hypertextuality Will provide targeted context-sensitive hypertextuality Will enable exploratory discovery and “bookshelf browsing” by potentially linking every document in Noesis’ search space to every other relevant document Will enable exploratory discovery and “bookshelf browsing” by potentially linking every document in Noesis’ search space to every other relevant document

Affordances of Inphormed Noesis Organic and emergent representation of the profession of philosophy Organic and emergent representation of the profession of philosophy Unbiased judgment of professional import Unbiased judgment of professional import Ability to track changes in the profession Ability to track changes in the profession Topical catalog that lets documents “speak for themselves” Topical catalog that lets documents “speak for themselves” Emergent paradigm based in a bottom-up cataloging strategy Emergent paradigm based in a bottom-up cataloging strategy Overcomes the discovery problem even in one’s own area of research; fosters intradisciplinarity Overcomes the discovery problem even in one’s own area of research; fosters intradisciplinarity

Some Limitations Bypasses philosophical resources that are coming from other professions Bypasses philosophical resources that are coming from other professions Insofar as InPhO is based in the SEP, editorial bias may influence emergent representation Insofar as InPhO is based in the SEP, editorial bias may influence emergent representation Model does not currently make allowances for long-term resource archiving Model does not currently make allowances for long-term resource archiving

Partial Bibliography Beavers, A. F Noesis: Philosophical research on-line: An experiment in progress. Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers. Beavers, A. F Evaluating search engine models for scholarly purposes: A report from the Internet Applications Laboratory. D-Lib Magazine. Niepert, M., Buckner, C., and Allen, C A dynamic ontology for a dynamic reference work. In Rasmussen, E. M., ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, JCDL 2007, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 18-23, 2007, Proceedings, Suber, P Noesis: Is it a library with built-In searching or a search engine with a built-in library? Campus Technology.