Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest Unit 2

The American Colonies and England ●During the 18th century England served as cultural and political model for the colonies o Examples of colonial self rule ●1685, James II, ruled without Parliament, Catholic o tightened control over New England

The American Colonies and England ●1689, James II overthrown o Glorious Revolution o William and Mary, English Bill of Rights ●During this time England adopted a new colonial policy o Salutary neglect

The American Colonies and England ●The Enlightenment o problems could be solved by human reason ●Philosophers o John Locke o Rousseau o Voltaire o Montesquie

French and Indian War ●Mid 18th century European powers were in a power struggle o In North America G.B’s greatest rival was… o What major advantage did the French have? o How did Native Americans benefit from this? ●The British colonial population began to grow o Did little to stop settlers from taking N.A. lands

French and Indian War ●Began with conflict over the Ohio Valley o George Washington was defeated by the French o Set off a world war (7 years war in Europe) ●The Albany Plan of the Union o 1754 delegates met in Albany, NY o Benjamin Franklin, provided for recruitment of troops and collecting of taxes from all the colonies for common defense

The French and Indian War

British March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials

* By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr  The Tide Turns for England

French and Indian War ●Effects of the War of G.B.? o Increased her colonial empire in the Americas o Greatly enlarged England’s debt o G.B.’s contempt for colonials created bitter feelings  England believes that they need a “reorganization” of the American colonies

French and Indian War ●Effect on the Colonies o They were united against a common enemy o Created a socializing experience for those who participated o Created bitter feelings toward that British that would only intensify

North America in 1763

Pontiac’s Rebellion ●The British victory caused problems for the Native Americans ●1763, Chief Pontiac led a major attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier o They took control of forts in the Ohio Valley o Without French support the rebellion eventually fizzled

Pontiac’s Rebellion ●The costly war’s encouraged G.B. to change policy o Proclamation of 1763  ordered colonists to remain east of the Appalachain Mountains

Causes of the American Revolution ●In the years following the war Parliament adopted legislation that made the colonists become suspicious of British motives o Sugar Act o Quartering Act

Causes of the American Revolution ●Stamp Act o Every colony reacted o Patrick Henry, demanded the King recognize the rights of all citizens  No taxation without representation o James Otis called for cooperation from the colonies to protest the Stamp Act

Causes of the American Revolution ●Stamp Act Congress o 9 representatives met in NY o Only thier own elected representatives could approve taxes ●Formation of the Sons of Liberty o attacked tax collectors o Boycotts

Causes of the American Revolution ●1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and enacted the Declaratory Act o Stated that Parliament had the right to enact taxation in the colonies in all cases

Causes of the American Revolution ●Townshend Acts: 1767, new taxes on imports of tea, glass, and paper o Provided for the search of homes,writs of assistance ●No taxation without representation!!! o The acts were eventually repealled, however they allowed the tax on...

Causes of the American Revolution ●Boston Massacre o Bostionians were not happy about the British presence in their city o March 1770, a crowd gathered outside the custom house and began harassing British soliders  The guards fired into the crowd, killing 5 people  Soliders were defended at trial by John Adams  Used incite anti British feelings

Causes of the American Revolution Between , Samuel Adams and others formed Committees of Correspondence Regularly exchange letters about suspicious or threatening British activities

Causes of the American Revolution The colonists continued to boycott English tea Britain passed the Tea Act, making English tea cheaper - Boston Tea Party, Dec. 1773

Causes of the American Revolution The Boston Tea Party angered Parliament and the King The British enacted the Coercive Acts as punishment, the colonist called them the…

Causes of the American Revolution The Coercive Acts (1774) 1.Closed the Port of Boston 2.Reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature 3.Royal officials would be tried in England, not the colonies 4.Expanded the Quartering Act