BIF703 Miscellaneous Commands

File related commands  grep - print lines matching a pattern  head - output the first part of files  tail - output the last part of files  sort - sort lines of text files  diff - find differences between two files  file - determine file type

Utility commands  who – show who is logged in  date – print or set the system date and time  which – show the full path of (shell) commands  finger – user information lookup program  mail – send and receive mail

Print commands  lpr – print files  lpq – show print queue status  lprm – cancel print jobs

grep  grep takes a pattern, read standard input or a list of files, and outputs the lines containing matches for the pattern. Example: grep foo * Print lines in any of the files in the current directory that contain the pattern “foo”.

grep options Major options for grep: -l display name of the file that has matching line -r search all the files in the current directory and all its subdirectory for the given pattern -n prefix each output with line number -w search for matching word -v output lines that do not contain the given pattern

grep examples  grep -r foo. Print all the lines in all the files in the current directory and all its subdirectories that contains the pattern “foo”.  grep -lr foo. Similar as above but only print the names of the files that contains the pattern “foo”

grep examples Print all the lines in the file “bar” that contains the pattern “foo” misc]$ grep foo bar This line contains the word foo and bar. Do you like to play football or basket ball? Same as above but prefix each line of output with the line number within the file “bar” misc]$ grep -n foo bar 3:This line contains the word foo and bar. 4:Do you like to play football or basket ball?

grep examples Print all the lines in the file “bar” that contains the word “foo” misc]$ grep -w foo bar This line contains the word foo and bar. Print all the lines in the file “bar” that does not contain the pattern “foo” misc]$ grep -v foo bar The name of this file is called bar. This file has only five line. This is the end of the file.

head & tail head bar Display the first 10 line of the file “bar” head -5 bar Display the first 5 lines of the file “bar” tail bar Display the last 10 lines of the file “bar” tail -5 bar Display the last 5 lines of the file “bar”

sort Sort line of text file cat numbers [root] sort numbers [root] sort -n numbers Numeric order String order

sort examples cat numbers sort numbers sort -k2 numbers Sort by the 1st field Sort by the 2 nd field

sort examples cat numbers sort numbers sort -r numbers Sort in revers e order

diff Display the differences between two files Syntax:  diff [options] file1 file2  When using “diff” without any options, it produces a series of lines containing: Add (a) Delete (d), and Change (c) instructions Each of these lines is followed by the lines from the file that you need to add, delete, or change to make the files the same.

diff examples cat file1 blue red white yellow orange cat file2 blue yellow black red orange $diff file1 file2 2,3d1 < red < white 4a3,4 > black > red 1. Delete line 2 through 3 from file1 2. Append lines 3 through 4 from file2 after line 4 in file1 Steps to convert file1 to file2:

file Displays the classification (type) of a file. Considered useful if a file extension is missing, or if user is unsure of file extension.  Syntax: file [option] file-list Examples: file assign01.html assign01.html: HTML document text file a.out a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped file mydoc.doc mydoc.doc: Microsoft Office Document file 1 1: empty

who Shows which users are logged on to server Phobos: /home/rchan>$ who rchan pts/0 Oct 30 02:08 (toronto-hse-ppp3) sslui pts/1 Oct 30 01:11 (CPE00112f0fe590-) Phobos: /home/rchan>$ who -H Name Line Time Hostname rchan pts/0 Oct 30 02:08 (toronto-hse-ppp3) sslui pts/1 Oct 30 01:11 (CPE00112f0fe590-) Phobos: /home/rchan>$ who -qH Name Hostname rchan (toronto-hse-ppp3) sslui (CPE00112f0fe590-) Total users: 2

who options Major options for grep: -H displays column headings -T includes message reception status: + message reception on - message reception off -i includes column indicating number of minutes of user inactivity.

who examples Show who is logged on who -H Name Line Time Hostname root pts/0 Mar 02 09:11 ( ) msaul pts/1 Mar 02 09:21 (CPE0040f4df2fef-) who -i root pts/0 Mar 02 09:11 0: ( ) msaul pts/1 Mar 02 09: who -T root - pts/0 Mar 02 09:11 msaul + pts/1 Mar 02 09:21 Less than 1 minute inactivity Allows message reception Column headings

date Displays the system time and date week8]$ date Sun Oct 30 01:48:10 EST 2005 week8]$ date +"%D" 10/30/05 week8]$ date +"%T" 01:54:05 week8]$ date +"%D %T" 10/30/05 01:54:13  Refer to the man page for more formatting codes

which Shows the full path of (shell) commands week8]$ which mkdir /bin/mkdir week8]$ which type /usr/bin/which: no type in (/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/home/ray/bin)

finger User information lookup program Phobos: /home/rchan>$ finger rchan Login name: rchan In real life: Raymond Chan Directory: /home/rchan Shell: /usr/bin/ksh On since Oct 30 02:08:55 on pts/0 from toronto-hse-ppp3 (messages off) No Plan.

mail Send and receive mail To read your mail on phobos, type the “mail” command by itself: Phobos: /home/rchan>$ mail Mail [5.2 UCB] [AIX 4.1] Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/rchan": 1 message 1 new >N 1 rchan Wed Oct 26 00:24 10/340 "Mail testing"

Sending mail To send a file called “letter” through on phobos to the user “rchan”: Phobos: /home/rchan>$ mail -s “subject” rchan < letter

lpr, lpq, lprm  lpr – submit file for printing lpr [ -P printer-name ] [ -# copies ] file-name [ -P printer-name] : send files to the named printer [ -# copies ] :sets the number of copies to print between 1 and 100 file-name : name of file to be printed

printer queue status  lpq - show printer queue status lpq [ -P printer-name] [ -a ] [ -l] [ -P printer-name] : show status on the named printer [ -a ] : reports jobs on all printers [ -l ] : display more verbose (long) format

Cancel Print Jobs  lprm – cancel print jobs lprm [ - ] [ -P printer-name] [ job ID(s)] [ - ] : all print jobs [ -P printer-name] : print jobs on the named printer [ job ID(s) ]: jobs to be cancel

Additional Resources Here are some Related-Links for Interest Only:  Linux manual pages (online):