 After the Rebellions, many immigrants came to Canada  Now ↑ English than French-speaking people in Canada  French scared…. WHY?  Form political parties to protect themselves

 Upper Canada  Canada West  Growing very fast  Toronto became the center of business, banking, and industry  New roads = better transportation connecting towns to resources  Lower Canada  Canada East

 The British were losing interest in the colonies  Took away or changed laws that had given them special privileges  Would not pay for new projects: ships, canals, roads, railways, etc.  Colonial governments and private businesses had to pay

 A union of all the colonies would make each colony stronger and richer  Some projects (intercolonial railway) would be easier to pay for if the colonies were together  The American Civil War posed a threat to Canada

1. Native cultures were complex and varied  Traditions and cultures were passed down orally (not written)  Elders were highly respected 2. Spiritual beliefs were centered on living in harmony with nature

3.Group vs. individual orientation  The well-being of the group is more important than the individual. 4. Wealth- good health, friends and well-being was more important than possessions 5. Based on the family unit

 Each First Nation had its own system of government. Leaders were often chosen on these factors: 1. Hereditary leaders 2. Wisdom 3. Strength 4. Hunting ability 5. Open discussion

 Pushed off their land to reserves :  Land set aside for native groups (usually far away from settlements)  Forgotten or ignored unless the Europeans wanted their lands or cheap labour  Often they were forced to adjust to European life

 Traditionally hunters and fishermen  Had to become fruit and vegetable farmers with growing settlements

 Had never been involved in agriculture before  Hunters, fishermen, gatherers  Resisted being forced into farming

 Had been agriculturalists for a long time  Had local governments  Ready to trade with the colonists

 Trespassing often occurred on native reserves to get resources (minerals, wood, etc.)  European settlements moved closer and closer to the reserves  They were often pressured to sell their best land for cheap prices  Due to poverty and misunderstandings, many Native people lost a lot of territory

 Write out the following definitions  To assimilate  Victorian  Suffrage  Infrastructure  P. 59 Questions 2a, 2b, and 3.

Large houses to show peoples’ importance in the community and because of large families and servants.

 Women: long dresses and aprons with high collars  Men: hats and ties, long jackets and high collars  Stayed out of the sun  a tan was a sign you worked outdoors

 Queen Victoria became queen in 1837 as a teenager (18)  Her tastes, values, and behaviour set the standard for all British territories  People who lived then were called Victorians

 Very Christian  Modest  Serious  Obsessed with social status  Materialistic  Wanted fancy clothes, homes, churches, possessions

 People with money, education, and social status: life was good  No income tax  For poor and uneducated it was terrible  No government assistance (health, education, employment, etc)  Reliance on family or church  Most poor from Ireland or Scotland  Tenant farmers, or  Had the worst land

 Victorian Canadians liked to be entertained: -parties-concerts-fairs -circuses-shows-weddings  Books and magazines became popular:  More people could read  Sports:  Swimming  Blood sports: boxing, bear-baiting; dog fighting,

 Card games, checkers, chess  Games to test strength and coordination  Pulling the stump  Pulling the leg  Kissing his thumb

 There were many discoveries during this time  Began to understand disease and found cures:  Developed -improved vaccinations  aspirin,  anti-biotics  Antiseptics  vitamins,  hormones

 Many people died from serious diseases -Cholera-Smallpox -Influenza-Typhoid -tuberculosis  Many also died during surgery:  Doctors didn’t wash their hands or their instruments, smoked in operating rooms

 One of the first female doctors in the British Empire  Had to study in US because no Canadian medical school would accept a woman  As a woman, she could not practice medicine legally in Canada  set up an illegal practice  Fought for women’s rights and the right to vote: suffrage  Established a women’s medical college

 People with money like to travel to Europe or the US  Invention of the steamboat  Could cross the Atlantic much faster (2-3 weeks)  Steam locomotives improved land travel  By 1853 trains went up to 80km/hour  Canada’s infrastructure was developing

 By 1850, every city and most small towns had a newspaper  Dailies: newspapers published every day  By 1870  47 dailies  More people could read, and so many people lived in cities

 Make test corrections  P. 67 questions 1-3  Read pp  ADD THESE DEFINITIONS: -federation-external relations -responsible government -mercantilism-Corn Laws -depression-treason -to annex-American Civil War -whip-Clear Grits  STUDY THE DEFINITIONS PLUS THE ONES FROM LAST CLASS