Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit II Common Diseases and Disorders of Body Systems

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 5 Immune System Diseases and Disorders

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anatomy and Physiology Organs: –Thymus gland –Bone marrow –Lymph nodes –Spleen –Liver –Tonsils

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anatomy and Physiology Types of immunity: –Active natural –Active artificial –Passive natural –Passive artificial

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Common Signs and Symptoms Vary Related to factors, such as the following: –Immunodeficient Lack of immunity –Autoimmune Immunity against self –Isoimmune Immunity against other humans

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Testing Skin tests Desensitization Blood count Coombs’ test Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) Rheumatoid factor (RF)

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies –E.g., hay fever, asthma –Common reactions: Urticaria Contact dermatitis

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Urticaria Photo courtesy Robert A. Silverman, MD, Pediatric Dermatology, Georgetown University

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies –Symptoms: Elevated eosinophil count Redness, heat, swelling, and itching Runny nose, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, and nasal congestion

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever –Reaction to allergen in mucous membranes of nose and upper respiratory tract –Symptoms: Sneezing Watery eyes Runny nose Itching

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever –Causes of seasonal: Tree pollen Grasses Ragweed pollen Agricultural crops

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever –Causes of nonseasonal: Dust mites Pet dander Food allergies

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever –Treatment: Removal of allergen Air-conditioned environment –Or move to different climate Antihistamines Allergy desensitization

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Asthma –Also known as bronchial asthma –Symptoms: Extreme shortness of breath Difficulty breathing Wheezing Anxiety Cough

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Asthma –Treatment: Avoidance of causative allergens Desensitization Education Medication –No cure But can be controlled

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Asthma Animation

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis –Severe allergic response to allergen –Causes: Antibiotics Anesthetics Codeine Insulin

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis –Causes: Vaccines Foods Pollens Latex

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis –May be mild to life-threatening –Symptoms: Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty breathing

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis –Treatment: Emergency tracheostomy Epinephrine Corticosteroids Antihistamines

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Food allergies –E.g., chocolate, shellfish –Symptoms: Cramping Diarrhea Vomiting

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Contact Dermatitis Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction –E.g., poison ivy

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Contact Dermatitis Causes: –Cosmetics –Laundry products –Plants –Jewelry –Paint –Drugs

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatic fever –Follows group A strep infection –Occurs one to four weeks after strep infection Sudden or gradual onset

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatic fever –Symptoms: Fever Malaise Joint pain –Prevention: Accurate diagnosis of strep infections

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis –Abnormal antibody that attacks or attaches to body’s own cells and tissues –RF antibody in blood indicative of disease –Classic sign: Ulnar deviation –Progressive disease

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis –Treatment: Anti-inflammatory medications Analgesics Exercise and rest routine Short-term corticosteroids Surgical joint replacement

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis –Slow onset

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis –Symptoms: Diplopia Ptosis Dysphagia Dysphonia Difficulty with facial expressions Fatigue

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis –Periods of remission and exacerbation –Treatment: Mestinon Plasma exchange

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Type 1 diabetes mellitus –Formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus –Alters carbohydrate or sugar metabolism –Triggered by viral infections E.g., rubella, mumps, influenza

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Lupus erythematosus –Two types: Cutaneous –Discoid –Limited to skin Systemic –Diffuse –Affects multiple systems

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) –Chronic with remissions and exacerbations –Symptoms: Butterfly rash Joint pain Fever Weight loss

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) –Symptomatic treatment: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) Antipyretics Analgesics Corticosteroids

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma –Hardening, thickening, and shrinking of connective tissues Including skin –Periods of remission and exacerbation –Symptoms: Joint contractures Raynaud’s phenomenon Thick, leather-like, shiny, taut skin

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma –Treatment: No cure or treatment May use antibiotics, immunosuppressives, and anti-inflammatories May be beneficial to perform muscle stretching and strengthening exercises

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Blood transfusion reaction Type of tissue transplant Type O –Universal blood donor Type AB –Universal blood recipient

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Symptoms of transfusion: –Chills –Shivering –Fever

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis –Mother’s antibodies attack and destroy antigen on baby’s red blood cells (RBCs) Ultimately causing death –Usually no problem with first baby of Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive baby

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis –Condition only affects Rh-positive babies carried by Rh- negative mothers –Also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis –Treatment: Transfusion of baby’s blood at birth –RhoGAM Halted this condition Given prophylactically after delivery of first fetus

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Organ Rejection Human immune system attacks transplanted tissue More closely matched donor decreases chance of rejection Acute rejection occurs early Chronic rejection occurs over long period

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders Inability of immune system to protect individual against disease Congenital, genetic disorder or acquired

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders Acquired types may be due to: –Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and radiation –Medications given to organ transplant recipients –Immunodeficiency E.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS –Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) –Eradicates individual’s lymphocytes –Stages: Acute infection Asymptomatic HIV Symptomatic HIV Advanced HIV

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders Advanced HIV –T-cell count less than 50 per microliter –Anti-viral medications may slow HIV replication and disease progress E.g., azidothymidine (AZT)

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders Transmission of AIDS –Intimate contact and sharing of body fluids –Virus must enter bloodstream to cause infection –Misconceptions about transmission Cannot acquire from toilet seats, doorknobs, furniture, water fountains, social kissing, coughing, or sneezing

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS primarily spread three ways: –Sexual intercourse –Sharing of hypodermic needles –In utero from infected mother to unborn baby

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rare Diseases Severe combined immunodeficiency disease –Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete dysfunction of immune system

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Effects of Aging Degenerated thymus gland Changed function of antibodies