© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2: Population The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography Question of the Day: What is the Levant?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Critical Issues in Population Geography More people are alive today than at any other time in human history The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the twentieth century than every before. Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed countries (LDCs)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? Population concentrations –Two-thirds of the world’s population are in four regions: East Asia South Asia Europe Southeast Asia

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Population Distribution Figure 2-2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? Vast Lands: Canada ranks 2 nd, behind Russia, and the United States 3 rd in total land area. Together they fill 1/8 of the land surface of the earth. Why are the densely populated regions where they are? –Fertile soils –Ample water supplies –Vast forests –Variety of minerals and economic resources –Jobs All of these have attracted immigrants from around the world and allowed U.S to develop into a global power. Test: What is ecumene? How does arable land help sustain large populations?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? Sparsely populated regions –Unarable land –People generally avoid: Dry lands Wet lands Cold lands High lands

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ecumene Figure 2-4

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Day 2 Population 1.How does arable land help sustain large populations? 2.Majority of the worlds population is concentrated in what four regions of the world? 3.During the 1800’s what pull factors lead immigrants to the U.S.?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? Population density –Arithmetic density – –total # people/total land –Physiological density – # of people per unit of arable land –Agricultural density –# of farmers to arable land

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Agricultural The U.S. rich farmlands supply 40% of the world’s production of corn, 20% of its cotton, and 10% of its wheat, cattle, and hogs. Identify what makes the U.S farmlands so rich? Fertile soil, favorable climate, the early mechanization (technology). Different Regions of the U.S. specialize in producing different crops. Think about the word Postindustrial Economy- What do you conceive that word to mean?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Change in the Midwest After examining the chart above, why do you think the average farm size increase? Farm Population25 million Number of Farms5.3 million Average Farm Size216 acres 4.6 million 2.1 million 461 acres

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Population -population-video-57334http:// -population-video son/the-history-of-human-population- growth-and-carrying- capacity.html#lessonhttp://educationportal.com/academy/les son/the-history-of-human-population- growth-and-carrying- capacity.html#lesson

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Postindustrial Economy The American Economy is driven by service industries. 3 out of 4 Americans work in this area of our economic sector. Name a few service-related jobs? –Information Processing –Finance –Medicine –Transportation –Education

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Day 3

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Has the World’s Population Increased? Natural increase rate –The percentage by which a population grows in a year Crude birth rate (CBR) –The number of births per 1,000 population Crude death rate (CDR) –The number of deaths per 1,000 population Doubling time –The number of years needed to double a population

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. World Population Growth Figure 2-8

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Has the World’s Population Increased? Fertility –Total fertility rate (TFR) Mortality –Infant mortality rate (IMR) –Life expectancy

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Notice that places with high TFRs tend to have high IMRs and that places with low TFRs have low IMRs. Figure 2-13 Figure 2-14

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. How Did Cyrus McCormick impact the world?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. How could breadfruit impact the world? Amount Per 0.25 fruit, small (96 g) Calories 99 Total Fat 0.2 g 0% Saturated fat 0 g 0% Polyunsatur ated fat 0.1 g Monounsatu rated fat 0 g Cholesterol 0 mg 0% Sodium 2 mg 0% Potassium 470 mg 13% Total Carbohydr ate 26 g 8% Dietary fiber 4.7 g 18% Sugar 11 g Protein 1 g2% Vitamin A 0% Vitamin C 46% Calcium1%Iron2% Vitamin D 0% Vitamin B-6 5% Vitamin B-12 0% Magnes ium 6%

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. How the Black Plague impact the world? What evidence supports the stage of the DTM of this time period ?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Major Push and Pull Factors

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Movement and People

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates? Demographic transition –Four stages Stage 1: Low growth –Agricultural revolution Stage 2: High growth –Industrial Revolution Stage 3: Moderate growth Stage 4: Low growth –Zero population growth (ZPG)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Demographic Transition Figure 2-15

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates? Population pyramids –A bar graph showing a place’s age and sex composition –Shape of the pyramid is determined mainly by the CBR –Age distribution Dependency ratio –Sex distribution Sex ratio

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Population Pyramids Figure 2-19

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates? Countries are in different stages of the demographic transition –Three examples: Cape Verde = High growth –Stage 2 since the 1950s Chile = Moderate growth –Stage 3 since the 1960s Denmark = Low growth –Stage 4 since the 1970s

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates? Demographic transition & world population growth –Most countries = stage 2 or stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Stages 2 and 3 are characterized by significant population growth –No country is in stage 1 of the demographic transition –It is easier to cause a drop in the CDR than in the CBR

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? Malthus on overpopulation –An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798): Population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically –Criticism of Malthus includes the following: Pessimistic viewpoint Failure to consider technological innovation Marxist critique

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Malthus: Theory & Reality Figure 2-25

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? Declining birth rates –Reasons for declining birth rates Reliance on economic development Distribution of contraceptives –Reducing birth rates with contraception

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Family Planning Figure 2-30

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? World health threats –The epidemiologic transition Stage 1: Pestilence and famine –The Black Plague –Pandemics

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? World health threats –The epidemiologic transition Stage 2: Receding pandemics –Cholera and Dr. John Snow Figure 2-31

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? World health threats –The epidemiologic transition Stage 3: Degenerative diseases –Most significant: Heart disease and cancer Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases –Medical advances prolong life

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? World health threats –The epidemiologic transition A possible stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases? –Three reasons why it might be happening: »Evolution »Poverty »Improved travel

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Most Lethal Infectious Disease: AIDS Figure 2-33

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Migration Figure 3-1