Nonrenewable Energy Sources Environmental Science 302 2013

World and US energy sources http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/01/08/183-projects-43-states-tens-tthousands-high-quality-clean-energy-jobs Clean energy job predictions in the US forecast, 2011

Evaluating Energy Resources U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy; 85% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas); 8% from nuclear power; 7% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

Problems with Fossil Fuels Nonrenewable resources At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century Pollution: Impurities in fossil fuels Global Warming: Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2 www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/chap_12.ppt 7

COAL is cheaper, GAS is cleaner, OIL is the highest quality Coal: $0 COAL is cheaper, GAS is cleaner, OIL is the highest quality Coal: $0.85 per million Btu Natural Gas: $2.18 per million Btu Crude Oil: $2.97 per million Btu Coal = depends on the quality ($10-62)

Net Energy (EROI)

1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear Energy Mostly Carbon (40-98%) Water (0.2 – 1.25%) Sulfur (0.2 – 2.5%) Trace amounts of radioactive materials found in the earth. Coal is so complex, many say it is impossible to draw a molecular structure of it. 10

Formation of Coal

The longer it’s been forming, the higher the grade Carbon content increases Burns hotter & cleaner!

PEAT LIGNITE BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE 13 garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt 13

Describe your sample (2-5 words) What sample do you have? Describe your sample (2-5 words)

What type of coal? P, L, B, A The major US deposits are located in eastern PA The most common type of coal in terms of its occurrence around the United States A brownish black organic material that is used to build up garden soil Because of its wide availability around the country, this type of coal is most often burned at electric power generation plants A B P

Use the map to answer the following… Eastern or Western? Coal from this region is generally closer to the surface and is commonly strip-mined Because of higher labor intensity, coal from this region is more expensive Because of low annual rainfall, reclamation of mined land in this region is more difficult. Western Eastern

World Coal Deposits – top 3 countries? US, China, former Soviet Union

Who uses it? China is the largest user: 76% of its E Used to make 75% of the world’s steel 39% of world’s electricity What about in US? US – over 50% - burn bituminous coal Only 23% of us energy….bigger than just electricity

Extracting Coal: Subsurface Mining for coal buried 200-1,000 ft. deep miners work in tunnels to get coal from underground Most dangerous, most laborious Subsidence and black lung Tour a Coal Mine: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bk-jrbCi7Sc&feature=related

Extracting Coal: Surface Mining for coal that is buried less than 200 feet deep Strip Mining – remove surface Open Pit Mining – near surface but dig down Cheaper and safer Higher % of coal recovered Reclamation Reform Act study, fill, replant coal tax to restore old mines http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2009/03/removing_mountains.html

What type of surface mining is this?

What type of surface mining is this?

extracted, transported, processed, washed, and transported Net energy? extracted, transported, processed, washed, and transported

Byproducts: Waste and water Runoff: Mercury, ash Sludge

Centralia, PA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkHfnp2czZQ More than 500 fires burning in coal deposits and waste heaps in the US

Coal Cons Pros Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide Major environmental degradation Major threat to health Pros Most abundant fossil fuel Major U.S. reserves 300 yrs. at current consumption rates High net energy yield © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt 26

Coal (solid) Changing form is slightly better for pollution, but lessens net E Coal gasification ® Synthetic natural gas (SNG) Coal liquefaction ® Liquid fuels http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_K8jXrtPZQ Sequestration and climate change applications 27

CO2 Sequestration How can we link carbon sequestration and tertiary oil recovery? SciFi! Can we ship our CO2 to another planet and make an atmosphere???

1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear Energy

garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt 30

What is oil? Petroleum (crude oil) Most valuable natural resource (?) complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities Most valuable natural resource (?) Gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, grease, wax, asphalt, plastics…

What is petroleum used for? Fuel – transportation (65%), generating electricity Making products - plastic, fleece, ink, floor wax, soap, carpet, nail polish, aspirin, etc. (over 6,000 products)

Fractional Distillation From extraction, oil travels via pipeline to a refinery Impurities are removed Oil is heated, which separates the various liquids by various boiling points http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11k http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11o

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What one barrel of oil makes...

Oil Extraction Primary Oil Recovery Secondary Oil Recovery Drill well Pump out oil that flows by gravity into well Secondary Oil Recovery Inject water into nearby water to force oil into well. http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11h

Enhanced (Tertiary) Oil Recovery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMBhX1IxajU&feature=related

Recovery & Net Energy In any oil field, only 1/3 of the heavy oil can actually be recovered by 1st or 2nd –ary methods Tertiary recovery uses the energy of 1/3 of a barrel of oil for each barrel it produces (<4min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVMRu7GjR7o&feature=related

Who Has the Oil? Reserves North America 75.7 South and Central America 89.5 Western Europe 18.9 Former Soviet Countries 58.9 Middle East 673.6 Africa 75.4 Far East and Oceania 43.0 Total 1,033.2

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Set up in 1960 so developing countries would get a fair price for the resource. Control 67% of world’s oil Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, and Venezuela

Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves; 65% for transportation; increasing dependence on imports. History Discovered in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania! Used for medicine $40/barrel www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Why isn’t it continuing to drop? Fracking, oil shale, anwr, offshore

Future of Reserves Economically depleted When 80% of a resource has been used Cost to extract remaining supply is more expensive than its sale price. Why change when you’ve found a good thing? Government subsidizes price of oil In turn... Low oil prices = stimulated economic growth discourages improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies

What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers $30 in initial costs + $61 for military support services = $91 per barrel of oil (Prentice Hall 2005) Oil near $119 after report of Iranian boat firing MSNBC April. 25, 2008 Currently around $90/barrel (2013)

Should we use oil? CONS PROS Low reserves High net energy yield Artificially low price causes waste and discourages alternatives Air pollution (smog, acid rain) Global warming Oil spills and water pollution PROS High net energy yield Low cost (with subsidies) Easily transported

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Crude Oil Alternatives Greener oil options?

Oil Shale (kerogen) & Tar Sand (bitumen) Different forms of rock/sand that can be transformed (crushed/heated or pressurized) to be use like crude oil.

Oil Shales/Tar Sands Pros Cons Processing Availability: Global supplies of shale oil may be 200x’s larger than conventional oil supplies Cons Processing Uses ½ barrel of oil to process (heat) Uses large amounts of water (in desert areas!) Surface mining Groundwater contamination (salts, carcinogens, & toxic metals)

Energy Consumption in the United States Wood Water (steam) Coal Natural gas Oil Nuclear power 3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption

ANWR and offshore drilling http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjfssrKGsBU – Jay Leno http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6351721n – Obama offshore drilling http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA – ANWR and offshore http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO_3eiOPuqE (1:30) http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/sights_n_sounds/ http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/feature1/index.html - drilling in Alaska article

1. Oil 2. Coal 3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear

Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel Mixture 50–90% Methane (CH4) Ethane (C2H6) Propane (C3H8) Butane (C4H10) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Where is it found? Conventional natural gas = above most reservoirs of crude oil Unconventional = deposits of gas hydrates (water + methane) Global deposits estimated to contain 2X as much carbon as all other fossil fuels Not yet economically feasible www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt 57

billion cubic metres

Natural Gas Reserves Russia (25%) Iran (15%), Qatar (14%), Saudi Arabia (4%), United Arab Emirates (4%) United States (3%), www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

90–95% of natural gas used in U. S 90–95% of natural gas used in U.S. is domestic 255,000 miles of pipeline Interactive Map: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112970060

Natural Gas and the Marcellus Shale http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0kmskvJFt0&feature=related

Natural Gas Extraction Tap gas field - Propane & butane are liquefied (liquefied petroleum gas - LPG) Stored in pressurized tanks Remaining gas (methane) is dried to remove water, cleansed to remove impurities, Odor is added to detect leaks

Processing Pressurized & piped to homes. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships Lose ¼ of net energy when this is done

What is it used for? Fuel for transportation Producing electricity and heat

Potential reserves may be great Potential reserves may be great. Low cost and increasing environmental issues slow the push for more discovery. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt