Environmental Impacts of Chemical Industries Dr. Lek Wantha

Content s Industrial pollutants of the biosphere Air pollution and its effect Composition and classification of waste water Industrial solid waste Wasteless chemical processing 2

Industrial pollutants of the biosphere Material (mechanical, chemical, biological) Emission to atmosphere Gases, vapors, perfume Liquid Solid Mixed Waste water Premonitory polluted Polluted Solid waste Non-toxic Toxic Power generation Heat emission Noise, Vibration, Ultrasound Electromagnetic Light, In, UV Laser emission Ionizing radiation 3 Materials Non- biodegradable Biodegradable

Groups of Industry Pollutants Chemical pollutants Gases Liquid Solid Biological pollutants Microorganisms and their wastes Thermal or mechanical pollutants 1. Material pollutants 2.Physical (energy) pollutants 4

Air Pollution 1. Natural pollution Dust storm: fine particle of soils, rock, seed and organisms Volcanic eruptions: hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, chloride, CO, CO 2, SO 2, HF, Ash(silica) 2.Man made air pollution Thermal pollution stations: fuel Iron works and non ferrous smelteries: dust, CO, NO, SO 2, Hydro carbon (HC) Motor vehicle: NOx, CO, HC Chemical Industries: toxic compound 5

Air Pollutants and Effects  Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 )  Colorless  Respiratory irritant  Poison  Acid rain (H 2 SO 4 )  Major source is fuel (coal, oil)  Carbon monoxide (CO)  Colorless  Odorless  Reduce O 2 carrying in blood  Obtained when fossil fuel is incompletely burned 6

Air Pollutants and Effects 7  Nitrous oxide (No x )  Mostly NO  HNO 3 and NO 2  Reactive gas at Temperature > °C (2000 °F)  Hydrocarbon  Volatile organic compounds  Evaporation of petroleum (fuel)  Incomplete fuel combustion  Carcinogenicity

Air Pollutants and Effects 8  Particulate or Particular matter (PM)   m (diameter)  Dust  Ash  Smog  Reduce visibility  Reparatory problem  Carcinogenicity

Greenhouse effects CO2 57% CFCs 25% Methane 12% N2O 6% % = percent of contribution of greenhouse effect 9

Global Greenhouse Gases  By gases  By sources 10

2008 Global CO 2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion and some Industrial Processes (million metric tons of CO 2 ) 11

Greenhouse Effects 12

Composition and classification of waste water Pollutant sourcesPollution compositions 1. Manufacture of mineral and inorganic salts 1. Inorganic acid, alkalis, salts (fluorides sulphates, phosphates, etc. 2.Basic organic and petro chemical synthesis 2. Fatty acid, aromatic compounds, monomers, polymer fragments, etc. 3.Manufacture of synthetic resins, polymers, synthetic fiber 3. High-molecular –weight compounds, monomers, polymer fragments, etc. 4.Petroleum processing, thermal conversion of fuel 4.Petroleum products, fuel oil, resins, surfactants, etc. 13

Water Contaminants Fine suspension ( cm) 1.Water suspension Detergents with particle sizes cm 2. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic colloidal system Particle sizes cm 3. Organic composition Particle sizes less than cm 4. Ionic solution 14

Waste Water Sources  Reaction water: reactants and products  Wash water: wash raw materials and products  Liquors  Water extracts and absorption fluid  Cooling water  Rain water 15

Grade of Waste Water  Lift after plant cooling and some condensate  Reactive water: acid and alkali  Highly mineralized  Contaminated with organic compound  Containing component whose recovery economically advantage  Contain petroleum and oil  Domestic waste water 16

Industrial Solid & Hazardous Waste  Hazardous waste properties  Corrosively: highly acid or alkali (pH 12.5)  Ignitability: easily ignited or fire  Reactivity: explosion  Toxicity: release to water and be toxic  Sources  Manufacturing process  Commercial/institutional wastes  waste water treatment 17

Wasteless Chemical Process  Wasteless chemical processing  Reduce water consumption  Use non-toxic replaced toxic materials  Volatile solvents are exclude from operation  Better method for waste treatment is researched  Good sample  Air cooling using new ammonia synthesis reduced water requirement ten-fold  Using double absorption in H 2 SO 4 manufacture to reduce its emission from 0.2% to % 18

Sources  Kiattikomol, R. Chemical process industries. Faculty of Engineer, Burapha University.  global.html  ulate-matter.html 19