1 PSY 321 Dr. Sanchez Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination: Intergroup Bias

2 The Self-fulfilling Prophecy as a Three-Step Process

3 Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968) Teachers were told that, on the basis of an IQ test, a certain group of students was on the verge of an intellectual spurt This group of students was randomly chosen Test was bogus 8 months later, this group of 8 months later, this group of Students actually outperformed Students actually outperformed others on an IQ test others on an IQ test

4 Racial Profiling as a Self-fulfilling Prophecy

5 What is the state of intergroup bias in the U.S.? “Not everybody’s life is what they make it. Some people’s life is what other people make it.” - Alice Walker

6 Racism: Healthcare Black and Latino cardiac patients less likely to receive appropriate heart medicineBlack and Latino cardiac patients less likely to receive appropriate heart medicine Less likely to undergo coronary bypass surgeryLess likely to undergo coronary bypass surgery Less likely to receive dialysis or kidney transplantLess likely to receive dialysis or kidney transplant Receive lower quality basic clinical servicesReceive lower quality basic clinical services

7 Racism: Hiring (Bertrand & Mullainathan, 2003) –Sent 5000 phantom applications to job ads in Boston & Chicago –Resumes were identical, EXCEPT:  RACE WAS VARIED by use of NAMES (Tamika vs Kristin; Tyrone vs Brad) –Results?

8 Racism: Mortgage Discrimination White people are far more likely than Black people to be granted mortgage loans White people are far more likely than Black people to be granted mortgage loans This effect cannot be “explained away” statistically by differences This effect cannot be “explained away” statistically by differences

9 Sexism: Pay Inequity In 2003, women who worked full-time made __ cents for every dollar a man made. In 2003, women who worked full-time made __ cents for every dollar a man made. –Asian women: 75 cents –White women: 70 cents –Black women: 63 cents –Native women: 57 cents –Latina women: 52 cents These differences cannot be explained away…. These differences cannot be explained away….

10 What Is a Social Group? Two or more people perceived as having at least one of the following characteristics: Two or more people perceived as having at least one of the following characteristics: –Direct interactions with each other over a period of time. –Joint membership in a social category based on sex, race, or other attributes. –A shared, common fate, identity, or set of goals.

11 Defining Important Terms Stereotypes: COGNITIONS/BELIEFS Stereotypes: COGNITIONS/BELIEFS Prejudice: AFFECT/EMOTIONS Prejudice: AFFECT/EMOTIONS Discrimination: BEHAVIORS Discrimination: BEHAVIORS

12 Perceiving Groups: Three Reactions

13 A CLASS DIVIDED Social Categorization: Jane Elliot’s Class Exercise Blue Eyes vs. Brown Eyes

14 How Stereotypes Form: In-groups vs. Out-groups We have a strong tendency to divide people into ingroups and outgroups. We have a strong tendency to divide people into ingroups and outgroups. Benefits Benefits Consequences Consequences – outgroup homogeneity effect

15 Why Are Out-groups Seen As Homogeneous?

16 Social Categorization Tajfel’s Minimal Group Paradigm Minimal Groups = categorizing persons on the basis of trivial info – –Ps watch a coin toss that randomly assigned them to X or W – –“Overestimators” vs. “Underestimators”

17 Social Categorization Tajfel’s Minimal Group Paradigm General Findings

18 Social Identity Theory

19 Social Identity Theory Basic Predictions: Basic Predictions: 1) Threats to SE = need for ingroup favoritism 1) Threats to SE = need for ingroup favoritism 2) Ingroup favoritism = repairs SE 2) Ingroup favoritism = repairs SE

20 Stereotypes

21 Definitions What is a stereotype? What is a stereotype? –beliefs about characteristics of group members e.g., professor absent-minded reads books drinks coffee wears glasses

22 Stereotype Content Gender: Agency-Communion Gender: Agency-Communion

23 Gendered Scripts = Example Sexual Agency

24 Stereotype Content Warm-Competence Warm-Competence HomelessPeople Women The Elderly Rich

25 The Stereotype Content Model (Fiske et al., 2002) Two fundamental dimensions: warmth & competence Two fundamental dimensions: warmth & competence Positive Stereotypes Positive Stereotypes Negative Stereotypes Negative Stereotypes MIXED: MIXED: –Paternalistic stereotypes (high warmth/low competence)  e.g., elderly, disabled people, some gender stereotypes –Envious stereotypes (low warmth/high competence)  Asians, Jews The 4 different combinations of warmth and competence are associated with different intergroup emotions The 4 different combinations of warmth and competence are associated with different intergroup emotions

26 Stereotype Content Model (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 1999; 2002) Low competence, Low warmth -> Contempt Low competence, Low warmth -> Contempt Low competence, High warmth -> Pity Low competence, High warmth -> Pity High competence, Low warmth -> Envy High competence, Low warmth -> Envy High competence, High warmth -> Pride High competence, High warmth -> Pride

27 How Stereotypes Survive: Attributions Attributional biases can perpetuate stereotypes. Attributional biases can perpetuate stereotypes. –Fundamental attribution error revisited.

28 How Stereotypes Survive: Subtyping and Contrast Effects Illusory Correlations, Selective Memory Illusory Correlations, Selective Memory Stereotypes stubbornly survive disconfirmation through “subtyping.” Stereotypes stubbornly survive disconfirmation through “subtyping.” If behavior varies considerably from expectations, the perceived difference may be magnified. If behavior varies considerably from expectations, the perceived difference may be magnified. –Contrast effect –“Hilary Clinton” effect

29 How Stereotypes Survive: Confirmation Biases Stereotypes are often maintained and strengthened through confirmation biases. Stereotypes are often maintained and strengthened through confirmation biases. –The stereotype creates a “self-fulfilling prophecy.”

30 Stereotype: Black men are dangerous Is it a weapon (Correll et al., 2002)? Is it a weapon (Correll et al., 2002)? Subjects played video game (see p. 149 of text for picture) Subjects played video game (see p. 149 of text for picture) IVs: IVs: –Race of target –Target is holding weapon or harmless object DVs: Pushed “shoot” or “don’t shoot” button DVs: Pushed “shoot” or “don’t shoot” button

31 Stereotype: Black men are dangerous Results: Results: Subjects mistook harmless objects for guns when held by black targets Subjects mistook harmless objects for guns when held by black targets In other words, subjects biases caused them to “confirm” their expectations In other words, subjects biases caused them to “confirm” their expectations

32 “White men can’t jump” Stone et al., 1997 Subjects listened to same basketball game Subjects listened to same basketball game IV: Subjects were led to believe player was black or white IV: Subjects were led to believe player was black or white DV: How athletic was the player? How “court smart” was the player? DV: How athletic was the player? How “court smart” was the player?

33 “White Men Can’t Jump”?

34 Stereotypes as (Sometimes) Automatic Devine (1989): We become highly aware of the contents of many stereotypes through sociocultural mechanisms. Devine (1989): We become highly aware of the contents of many stereotypes through sociocultural mechanisms. –Automatic Can influence behavior even when do not consciously endorse the stereotype. Can influence behavior even when do not consciously endorse the stereotype.

35 What Factors Can Influence Stereotype Activation? Amount of exposure to the stereotype. Amount of exposure to the stereotype. The kind and amount of information the perceiver encounters. The kind and amount of information the perceiver encounters. The perceiver’s motivational goals. The perceiver’s motivational goals.

36 Self-esteem Threats and Stereotyping Sinclair & Kunda, 1999 White subjects received feedback on performance from a doctor: White subjects received feedback on performance from a doctor: –Doctor was Black or White –Feedback was positive or negative Completed “unrelated” measure of automatic stereotyping Completed “unrelated” measure of automatic stereotyping

37 Motivated Stereotype Inhibition and Activation

38 Are Stereotypes Ever Accurate? What is meant by “accurate”? What is meant by “accurate”? –“kernel of truth” –But what does “kernel of truth” reflect? Traits or social structure? Even when based on reality, tend to exaggerate differences and understate similarities between groups. Even when based on reality, tend to exaggerate differences and understate similarities between groups. Stereotyping is a dynamic process – stereotypes change over time. Stereotyping is a dynamic process – stereotypes change over time.

39 Overcoming Stereotypes How much personal information do we have about someone? How much personal information do we have about someone? What is our cognitive ability to focus on an individual member of a stereotyped group? What is our cognitive ability to focus on an individual member of a stereotyped group? What is our motivation level to form an accurate impression of someone? What is our motivation level to form an accurate impression of someone?

40 Prejudice: The emotional component Competition-based prejudice Competition-based prejudice Explicit vs. Implicit prejudice Explicit vs. Implicit prejudice

41 Realistic Conflict Theory The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources. The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

42 Competition for Limited Resources Realistic Conflict Theory Realistic Conflict Theory –scarce resources > members of in-group feel threatened –People feel a sense of “relative deprivation” –feeling threatened > prejudice and discrimination

43 Realistic Conflict Theory Example 1 (Hovland & Sears) – –cotton & lynchings in South ( ) – –as cotton prices went down (i.e., scarce resources), number of lynchings of Black people increased Example 2 – –Jewish Holocaust – –As German economy worsened, Jewish people were scapegoated, resented, killed.

44 Realistic Conflict Theory Example 2 (Sherif & Colleagues) Example 2 (Sherif & Colleagues)

45 Realistic Conflict Theory Example 2 (Sherif & Colleagues) Example 2 (Sherif & Colleagues) –Boy Scout Camp (Eagles vs Rattlers) –Strengthened cohesiveness w/in group in first week –Enhanced competition btw groups in second week –Resources were source of conflict –How was conflict restored????

46 Forms of Prejudice Components of Consciousness Components of Consciousness –Awareness  Explicit = aware  Implicit = unaware –Control  Intentional – deliberative (controllable)  Automatic – no control (involuntary) –Limited energy & cognitive resources –Extremely rapid

47 Explicit Attitudes Explicit Attitudes –Operate at conscious level –Best measured by traditional, self- report measures Implicit Attitudes Implicit Attitudes –Function in an unconscious & unintentional manner –How do we measure??

48 How Can Implicit Racism Be Detected and Measured? Use reaction times to measure associations between race and positive/negative words Use reaction times to measure associations between race and positive/negative words –Fazio et al.’s (1995) bona fide pipeline measure.  see face, then respond to good/bad words –Greenwald et al.’s (1998) Implicit Association Test (IAT)  Pair faces with good/bad words fMRI and amygdala activation fMRI and amygdala activation

49 Some Explicit Measures of Prejudice Ambivalent Sexism Ambivalent Sexism Modern Racism Modern Racism (There are many more…) (There are many more…)

50 Ambivalent Sexism (Glick & Fiske) Consists of two elements: Consists of two elements: –Hostile sexism, characterized by negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, values and ability to challenge men’s power. –Benevolent sexism, characterized by affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing feelings of women needing and deserving protection. –A person can be both a benevolent and a hostile sexist

51 Modern Racism (Dovidio & Gaertner) A subtle form of prejudice that surfaces in direct ways whenever it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize. A subtle form of prejudice that surfaces in direct ways whenever it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize. Based on idea that many people are racially ambivalent. Based on idea that many people are racially ambivalent. –Can lead to subtle, often unconscious forms of prejudice and discrimination. Example: Parents claim they are not prejudice against African Americans but are uncomfortable with their child dating an African American person. Maybe they say it because they want their children to not fear prejudice. Example: Parents claim they are not prejudice against African Americans but are uncomfortable with their child dating an African American person. Maybe they say it because they want their children to not fear prejudice.

52 Implicit Prejudice Unconscious Unconscious Unintentional Unintentional Automatic Automatic