Substance Use and Abuse Smoking

Smoking Tobacco: Who Smokes? Varies with age Gender differences Educational differences

Fig. 1: Prevalence of smoking in Canada by selected demographic characteristics. Sources: Health Canada, 2005 Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey, 2002 First Nations Regional Health Survey, 2001 Aboriginal People's Survey.

McLaughlin, P. (2007). Contraband cigarettes becoming a national norm. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 176(11): Contraband cigarettes originating on First Nations Reserves Health implications

Starting to Smoke Modeling and peer pressure Personal characteristics Social image

Becoming a Regular Smoker Psychological reasons –Positive affect –Negative affect –Habitual behaviour –Psychological dependence (addiction)

Smoking and Stress Reduction Correlation between stress and smoking Smoking reduces stress during social interactions Stress levels higher between cigarettes

Genetics Factors in Smoking Indirect routes Direct routes

Biobehavioural Model of Tobacco Dependence Emotional regulation explanation Nicotine as a coping mechanism

Quitting Smoking Drugs Behavioural methods

Behavioural Methods: Applications for Stopping Smoking Self-monitoring Stimulus control Response substitution Behavioural contracting

Smoking and Relapse Stress Social support Self-efficacy Health beliefs

Addiction to Other Drugs Biological Factors Psychological Factors Social Factors

Internet Addiction Disorder Definition Research Treatment