Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley CHAPTER Medical Language Second Edition Urology 11
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Multimedia Directory Slide 8Urinary System Animation Slide 15Kidney Animation Slide 39Kidney Stones Video Slide 46Renal Failure Video Slide 62Urinalysis Video Slide 74Catheterization Video Slide 87Dialysis Nursing Video Slide 88Dialysis Nursing and Ethical Situations Video
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Urology The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat urinary diseases.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Learning Objectives 1.Identify the structures of the urinary system. 2.Describe the process of urine production and excretion. 3.Describe common urinary diseases and conditions, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, and medical and surgical procedures.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Learning Objectives 4.Give the medical meaning of word parts related to the urinary system. 5.Build urinary words from word parts and divide and define urinary words. 6.Spell and pronounce urinary words. 7.Analyze the medical content and meaning of a urology report.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 11-1 Urinary system
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy and Physiology The purpose of the urinary system is to produce, transport, store, and excrete urine – made by filtering blood! 4 main structures –Kidneys –Ureters –Bladder –Urethra
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d) Male and female systems –Same 4 main parts but some differ in location –Ex: The male urethra is located outside of the abdominopelvic cavity in the penis. Female urethra is located internally within the pelvis
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System 1.Kidney – normally have 2 – sometimes 1! –Reddish-brown in color –Shaped like kidney beans – of course! –Measure 4 in. long and 2 in. wide. –Weighs less than 1/2 pound –Renal = kidneys –Located in the retroperitoneal space - area behind the peritoneum (intestines) of the abdominal cavity - just below the rib cage.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System (cont’d) Kidney structure –The hilum is an area of indentation on the medial surface of the kidney where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit. –A capsule of fibrous connective tissue surrounds the kidney
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System (cont’d) Kidney structure (cont’d) Outside to inside –Just beneath the capsule - renal cortex –Beneath that - renal medulla –Medulla contains the triangular-shaped renal pyramids. –The tip of each renal pyramid connects to a minor calix - a duct that drains urine.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 11-3 Cut section of a kidney Reprinted from McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2/E. McMinn, Hutchings, Human Anatomy, 19,46,66,71.78,127,137,237,238. Copyright 2002, with permission from Elsevier.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System (cont’d) Kidney structure (cont’d) –The minor calices drain into a common duct, the major calix Like the trunk and branches of a tree. –The major calices drain into the renal pelvis large, funnel-shaped cavity that becomes the ureter. –Urine flows continuously through the minor calices, into the major calices, into the renal pelvis, and into the ureter.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System (cont’d) Ureters – one from each kidney –12-inch tubes that connect the renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder. –The ureteral orifices are the openings into the bladder. – Walls composed of smooth muscle to propel urine into the bladder - peristalsis.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System (cont’d) Bladder –Located in the pelvic cavity –Held in place by ligaments –Rounded top of bladder is the dome or fundus –Inside of bladder is lined with mucosa
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System (cont’d) Bladder (cont’d) –When bladder is empty, the mucosa collapses into folds, or rugae – just like the stomach. –When bladder is full, smooth muscle in the bladder wall contracts to expel urine.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 11-4 Bladder
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System (cont’d) Urethra –A tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. –External urethral sphincter is a muscular ring that can be consciously controlled to release or hold back urine. –Urethral meatus is where the urethra opens to the outside of the body.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System (cont’d) Urethra – Men –Urethra is 7 to 8 inches long. –Urethra travels through the prostate gland (spherical gland at the base of the bladder) –Enlargement of the prostate gland can press on and narrow the urethra. Makes it difficult to urinate –Part of urinary and reproductive system Transports both urine and semen.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Urinary System (cont’d) Urethra - Women In women, the urethra is much shorter, traveling only 1 to 2 inches from the bladder to the external surface of the body.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 11-8 Pathway of urine production and elimination Richard Hutchings/PhotoEdit Inc.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 11-5 Male urinary system
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 11-6 Female urinary system
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of the Formation of Urine Parenchyma - functional or working area of any organ. Nephron - functional unit of the kidney and site of urine production.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of the Formation of Urine (cont’d) First part of the nephron is the glomerular capsule or Bowman’s Capsule. Within the capsule, an arteriole divides and forms the glomerulus - a network of intertwining capillaries.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of the Formation of Urine (cont’d) Waste products in the blood include: –Urea –Creatinine –Uric acid –Drugs and products of drug metabolism
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Nutritional substances found in the blood: –Electrolytes –Glucose –Amino acids –Vitamins Physiology of the Formation of Urine (cont’d)
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Nephron removes waste products but keeps nutritional substances. The pressure of the blood pushes it through the glomerular capsule. This process is known as filtration. Physiology of the Formation of Urine (cont’d)
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley The filtrate (waste products, water, and nutritional substances) then flows into the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. Most of the water and nutritional substances move out of the tubule and return to the blood. This process is known as reabsorption. Physiology of the Formation of Urine (cont’d)
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley The proximal convoluted tubule becomes a U-shaped tubule known as the nephron loop or Loop of Henle. In the nephron loop, more water and electrolytes are reabsorbed. Physiology of the Formation of Urine (cont’d)
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of the Formation of Urine (cont’d) The nephron loop becomes the distal convoluted tubule where more water and electrolytes, amino acids, and other nutritional substances, are reabsorbed.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 11-8 Pathway of urine production and elimination Richard Hutchings/PhotoEdit Inc.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley The process of eliminating urine from the body is described in several ways: –Urination –Micturition –Voiding –Passing water Physiology of the Formation of Urine (cont’d)
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Other Functions of the Kidneys Besides producing and excreting urine, the kidneys also help the body to maintain a normal and constant internal environment (homeostasis). The kidneys respond to decreases in blood pressure, pH, and the number of red blood cells.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Urine Tests (cont’d) –Urinalysis (UA) Color―Normal urine is light yellow to amber in color, depending on its concentration Odor―Urine has a faint odor due to the waste products in it pH―A test of how acidic or alkaline the urine is Protein―Protein is not normally found in the urine; its presence indicates damage to the glomerulus
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Urine Tests (cont’d) –Urinalysis (UA) (cont’d) Glucose―Glucose is not normally found in the urine; its presence indicates uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Urinalysis Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of urinalysis. Back to Directory
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure Urine dipstick Faye Norman/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Urine Tests (cont’d) –Urinalysis (UA) (cont’d) Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) Ketones―not normally found in the urine; produced when the body cannot use or does not have enough glucose and instead metabolizes fat
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Urine Tests (cont’d) –Urinalysis (UA) (cont’d) Specific gravity (SG) Sediment Other substances
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure Urinometer
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures –Intravenous pyelography (IVP) –Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) x-ray –Nephrotomography
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures (cont’d) –Renal angiography –Renal scan –Ultrasonography
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Other Laboratory Tests –Cystometry –Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures Medical Procedures –Catheterization –Dialysis
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Catheterization Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of catheterization. Back to Directory
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Medical Procedures (cont’d) –Intake and output (I&O) –Urine specimen
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure Urine output Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures –Bladder neck suspension –Cystectomy –Cystoscopy
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures (cont’d) –Kidney transplantation –Lithotripsy
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions Kidneys and Ureters –Glomerulonephritis –Hydronephrosis –Nephrolithiasis
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure Nephrolithiasis Dr. E. Walker/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Kidneys and Ureters (cont’d) –Nephropathy –Nephroptosis –Nephrotic syndrome –Polycystic kidney disease
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Kidneys and Ureters (cont’d) –Pyelonephritis –Renal cell cancer –Renal failure –Uremia
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure CT scan of the kidneys Simon Fraser/Freeman Hospital/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Renal Failure Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of renal failure. Back to Directory
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Bladder –Bladder cancer –Cystitis
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Bladder (cont’d) –Cystocele –Neurogenic bladder –Overactive bladder
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Bladder (cont’d) –Urinary retention –Vesicovaginal fistula
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Urethra –Epispadias –Urethritis
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Urine and Urination –Albuminuria –Anuria –Bacteriuria –Dysuria –Enuresis –Frequency
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Urine and Urination (cont’d) –Glycosuria –Hematuria –Hesitancy –Hypokalemia –Incontinence
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Urine and Urination (cont’d) –Ketonuria –Nocturia –Oliguria
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Urine and Urination (cont’d) –Polyuria –Pyuria –Urgency –Urinary tract infection (UTI)
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures Blood Tests –Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) –Creatinine
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Urine Tests –Culture and sensitivity (C&S) –Drug screening –Leukocyte esterase –24-hour creatinine clearance
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure Culture and sensitivity testing
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures (cont’d) –Nephrectomy –Nephrolithotomy –Nephropexy –Renal biopsy
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures (cont’d) –Stone basketing –Transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT) –Urethroplasty
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Drug Categories These categories of drugs are used to treat urinary Diseases and Conditions: –Antibiotic drugs –Antispasmodic drugs –Diuretic drugs –Drugs for overactive bladder –Potassium supplements –Urinary analgesic drugs
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Abbreviations
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Dialysis Nursing Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of dialysis nursing. Back to Directory
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Dialysis Nursing and Ethical Situations Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of ethical situations in dialysis nursing. Back to Directory