The Structure of an Atom By: Lauren Lancaster and Wade Lipham SPS1

Protons- positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons- neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom. Electrons- the negatively charged particles in an atom.

Atomic Number- The number of protons and electrons in an atom. Atomic Mass- This includes the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element. The element’s identity number is found by the number of protons found in the element. If the number of protons is changed in an element it is no longer the same element.

Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes do not change the element’s identity number but it does affect the element’s atomic mass. Hydrogen has three isotopes: Protium which has a mass of 1 and has one proton and no neutrons Deuterium which has a mass of 2 and has one proton and one neutron Tritium which has a mass of 3 and has one proton and two neutrons

Covalent and Ionic Covalent Equal sharing of valence electrons Non- metal with a non- metal Ionic Transfer of valence electrons Metal and a non- metal Both Kinds of bonds Move valence electrons

Questions 1.How do you determine the number of protons in an element? Look at the Atomic number, this number also tells the number of electrons 2. What is one difference between ionic and covalent bonds. See the graph on slide 5

3. Where are protons and neutrons located? Inside the nucleus of an atom 4. What does and isotope affect about an element? An isotope affects the elements atomic mass

SPS2: Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matter.

Calculating Density Density equals mass divided by volume(D= m/V) EXAMPLE- m= 14g V= 7cm^3 So… 14g divide by 7cm^3 = 2g/cm^3

Predicting Formulas for Ionic and Covalent Bonds Ionic bonds- These result from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. EXAMPLE: AlO becomes Al 2 O 3 Covalent bonds- These form when two or more elements Share electrons to create a stronger outer shell. EXAMPLE: Hydrogen (H) has 1 electron and it wants 2. H shares electrons with another H in order to have 2 electrons. It becomes H 2.

The Law of Conservation of Matter This law states that matter and energy are neither created nor destroyed. They can, however, be interchanged with each other. Synthesis: Na + Cl = NaCl Decomposition: NaCl = Na + Cl Single Replacement: NaCl + F = NaF + Cl Double Replacement: NaCl + LiBr = NaLi + ClBr

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity The spontaneous release of energy and particles from the nucleus of an atom. An Isotopes of radioactive elements. An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons.

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity A wave of energy traveling as particles and contains two protons and two neutrons. A wave of energy as an electron is given off by a radioisotope. Waves of energy given off as isotopes.

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivityRadiation Particles/ Waves Charge Energy level Stopped by: Alpha Particles 2 Protons 2 Neutrons Positivelowpaper BetaParticles 1 electron negativemedium 1 cm Lead GammaRays Waves of energy No charge Highconcrete Most dangerous type of radiation

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity The splitting the nucleus of an atom into smaller pieces. It is used to make nuclear energy. A nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form a bigger nuclei that releases energy.

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity The time it takes for half of the particles in the nucleus to decay. It breaks down elements into smaller harmless elements. Elements with larger atomic numbers have a longer half-life. Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity Fission is used to create nuclear energy. It is used daily across the country. In medicine we use radioactive isotopes like arsenic to find brain tumors. In agriculture we radiate our animal and plant food so they will grow faster. There are many disadvantages that comes with nuclear energy. Such as…..

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity What is the time it takes for half of a particle to decay? Click for answer! HALF-LIFE Click for next question What is the spontaneous release of energy and particles from a nucleus of an atom? Radioactivity The basis for a nuclear reaction is what? FISSION

Solute- a substance that dissolves into a solution. ex. salt. Solute- a substance that dissolves into a solution. ex. salt. Solvent- a substance that dissolves a solute to make a solution. ex. water Solvent- a substance that dissolves a solute to make a solution. ex. water

Conductivity- when melted or dissolved in water, ionic compounds conduct electricity. Conductivity- when melted or dissolved in water, ionic compounds conduct electricity. O H H Cl- Na+

Concentration- the quantity of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solution Concentration- the quantity of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solution

SPS6 When dissolving in a solvent, a solute will dissolve better when warm. The size of the particles of solvent also affect the rate of solubility. Stirring a solute helps with the rate at which a solute will dissolve.

SPS6 Temperature SolubilitySolubility

SPS6 Acids Solid or liquid compounds that contain hydrogen Sour in taste Can be detected by litmus indicator paper a strong acid will release many hydrogen ions into a water solution A very strong acid can corrode metal Bases Alkaline solutions Bitter in taste Slippery Contain hydroxide ions A strong base is poisonous and corrosive to the skin Will dissolve fats and oils

SPS6 Examples of Acids Examples of Bases Lemonslye (used in soap) Teaammonia Sour milkmilk of magnesia Vinegar deoderant/anti-persperant Examples of Neutrals Water

SPS10 Properties of electricity and magnetism

Static Electricity - type of electrical charge caused by friction between two objects Friction - force between surfaces that composes motion SPS10

Induction - The generation of electromotive force in a closed circuit by a varying magnetic flux through the circuit SPS10

Conduction - movement of heat energy through a substance by direct contact between the particles. SPS10

Flow of Electrons Alternating Current - an electric current that changes direction at regualr intervals, also called AC Direct Current - an electric current that has a constant flow of electrons in a single direction, also called DC SPS10

Voltage, Resistance, and Current This relationship is called Ohm's law: The relationship among voltage, current, and resistance are within the circuit. The size of the current that flows in a circuit varies in the proportion of the voltage which is applied to the circuit, and in inverse proportion to the resistance through which it must pass. SPS10

Magnetism Electomagnets - magnets made by winding wire around a core and passing electricity through the wire. SPS10

Permanent Magnets - magnets that are magnetic all the time SPS10

Simple Motors - converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, SPS10