1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 56

2 Reminder Topic due date: March 19 (Option A or B, 3-5 sentence summary; to your TA for approval). Paper due date: April 2.

3 Office Hour Invitations March 16 th, 11:30-12:30 Kenny

4 Physical Health: 1. What factors account for sex differences in health? (continued)

5 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. review health behaviours that may contribute to sex differences in mortality and morbidity. 3. explain the greater susceptibility to smoking-related lung cancer among females than males. 2. discuss trends across time in smoking and lung cancer rates.

6 5. explain the poorer quit rates of smoking among females than males. 4. review the stages of the worldwide tobacco epidemic.

7 2. Health Behaviours (continued) What factors account for sex differences in health? (continued) (b) Smoking  Smoking rates have decreased over the last several decades. Today, 21.4% of Canadians smoke (Statistics Canada, 2009).

8  Males (24.3%) smoke more than females (18.5%), which may contribute to the higher mortality rate among males. However, the sex gap in smoking rates is decreasing:

9 Smoking Rates by Sex, 1977 to 2007 (Statistics Canada, 2003, 2009) Percent

10 Camel Cigarette Ads Targeted at Girls: Camel launched a No. 9 cigarette ad campaign in which it ran promotional giveaways, including flavoured lip balm, cell phone jewelry, purses and wristbands.

11  Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among males and females (Statistics Canada, 2006).  Females who smoke are at greater risk for developing lung cancer than males who smoke (odds ratio of developing lung cancer = 1.2 – 1.7; Ernster, 1996; Shriver et al., 2000).

12 Lung and Breast Cancer Mortality Rates, 1979 to 2001 (Statistics Canada, 2006) Although more males than females die from lung cancer, the gap is narrowing because, over the last several decades, there has been a greater decline in smoking initiation among males than females and a higher quit rate among males than females.

13 Stages of Worldwide Tobacco Epidemic

14  Intervention studies have shown that males are more successful at quitting smoking than females (Bjornson et al., 1995; Wetter et al., 1999).

15 Physical Health: 1. What factors account for sex differences in health? (continued)