ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE II FINAL EXAM REVIEW UNIT 2: ENERGY Final Exam will be on Wednesday June 10, 2015 The final exam is worth 20% of your final grade for the course Please bring a pen or pencil to the exam with you. Absences:  Excused absence- you will take it on the day you return  Unexcused absence- you will receive a 0 *****During the exam, if your cell phone or any electronic device is on your person, you will receive a 0!!!*****

All energy comes from the SUN!!!!! Energy needs have increased over time more people, more technology, more cars, more products

Renewable: energy resource that will not run out in the near future Nonrenewable: energy resource that will run out in the near future

FOSSIL FUELS Made from the remains of living things Pros- convenience, reliable, cost-effective Cons- Nonrenewable pollution- Carbon Dioxide, Global warming Habitat destruction

1. Coal Made from remains of plants through the process of sedimentation Solid Used to generate electricity

Stages of Coal Formation peat- not true coal, low carbon, low energy Lignite- first true form of coal, 40% carbon Bituminous- 85% carbon, most abundant in the US Anthracite- 95% carbon- very hard

Mining Pollution- air, land, water Reclamation: a process that reduces the amount of damage mining does to an ecosystem

2. Petroleum (oil) Made from remains prehistoric organisms in shallow seas through the process of sedimentation Liquid Used for gasoline, heating, lubricants

3. Natural Gas Made from remains of microorganisms through the process of sedimentation Used to generate electricity

Fracking Fracking fluid- water, sand, chemicals Shale rock formation- one in upstate New York Pros: rely less on foreign countries for oil, cheaper than oil, abundant in the US, monetary value for landowners, creates jobs Cons: contamination of water, breaking up habitats, industrialization of residential areas, decrease real estate value

1. Nuclear: Where it comes from: the nucleus of an atom How is it obtained? Splitting an atom What is it used for? To generate electricity Advantages: no carbon emissions, Disadvantages: disposing of radioactive waste, nonrenewable

2. Solar: Where it comes from: sun How is it obtained? Solar panels, PV cells What is it used for? Generate electricity Advantages: no air pollution, renewable Disadvantages: expensive

3. Wind Where it comes from: wind How is it obtained? Wind turbines to convert energy to mechanical energy What is it used for? Generate electricity Advantages: no air pollution, renewable Disadvantages: expensive to set up, damage to birds

4. Geothermal: Where it comes from: heat within the earth How is it obtained? A geothermal system underground that brings heat to the home in the winter and removes heat in the summer What is it used for? Heating homes Advantages: no pollution, renewable Disadvantages :expensive Iceland runs exclusively on geothermal energy