Class lectures available http://geology.uprm.edu/cavosie.html

World Lithospheric Plates Source: After W. Hamilton, U.S. Geological Survey.

North American Plate Caribbean Plate Source: http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/caribbean/background.htmli

Source: http://woodshole. er. usgs

Source: http://woodshole. er. usgs

Hot Spot Volcanism Tectonic plates ‘drift’ over a ‘mantle plume’

Hot spot volcanism: tracking moving plates

Hot spot volcanism: tracking moving plates Midway Island (Pacific Plate) ~ 25 Million years old, 2700 km from Hawaii 2700 km/25 Ma At what rate is the Pacific plate moving?

Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle What drives plate tectonics? Rock Formation at Plate Boundaries

Mantle Convection Different rocks form in different environments

Source: http://www. gly. fsu

Overview Earthquakes–Basic Theory Seismic Waves and Earthquake Severity Earthquake–Related Hazards and Their Reduction Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting Earthquake Control? Awareness, Public Response Further Thoughts on Modern and Future U.S. Earthquakes

Source: http://www. gly. fsu

Seismic Waves and Earthquake Severity Locations faults occur Types of Faults Seismic Waves Locating the Epicenter Magnitude and Intensity

Source: http://www. gly. fsu

Earthquake–Related Hazards and Their Reduction Ground Motion (shaking) Influenced by bedrock vs. sediments Ground Failure (landslides, liquefaction) Tsunamis and Coastal Effects Fire

Ground Shaking — Loma Prieta Earthquake Source: R.A. Page et. al., Goals, Opportunities, and Priorities for the USGS Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, p. 7.

Hollow Clay Brick Walls in Iran Source:Photograph by M. Mehrain, Dames and Moore, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

Timber-Frame Buildings in Turkey Source:Photograph by Roger Bilham, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

Landslide from Seattle Earthquake, 1965 Source:Photograph courtesy University of California at Berkeley/NOAA.

Effects of Soil Liquefaction, Japanese Quakes (Nigata), 1964 Source:Photograph courtesy of National Geophysical Data Center.

Sand Boils after Loma Prieta Earthquake Source:Photograph by J. Tinsley, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-687.

Collapse of I-880 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Source:Photograph by D. Keefer, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-687.

Marina District Damage from Loma Prieta Quake Source:Photograph by M. Bennette, from U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-687

Tsunami Damage in Kodiak, Alaska Source:Photograph courtesy of National Geophysical Data Center.

Tsunami Travel Times to Hawaii Source: After U.S. Geological Survey.

Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting Seismic Gaps Earthquake Precursors and Prediction Current Status of Earthquake Prediction The Earthquake Cycle and Forecasting

California Earthquake Probabilities Map Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, fig, 15, p. 29.

Parkfield, CA: USGS Prediction of Earthquakes Prediction: 1988 ± 5 years Source: Data from U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079.

The “Earthquake Cycle” Concept Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1079, fig 6, p. 15.

Earthquake Control? Releasing the energy: is it possible? Observations: Denver, CO (1960’s) Fluid Injection to allow smaller slip

Waste Disposal Correlated with Quakes in Denver Source: Adapted from David M. Evans, “Man-Made Earthquakes in Denver,” Geotimes, 10(9):11-18, May/June 1966. Used by permission.

Earthquake: Public Response

Freeway Damage — 1971 CA Earthquake Source:Photograph by E.V. Leyendecker, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

Freeway Damage — 1994 CA Earthquake Source:Photograph by M. Celebi, courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.

Further Thoughts on Modern and Future U.S. Earthquakes Areas of Widely Recognized Risk Other Potential Problem Areas

U.S. Seismic-Risk Map Source: Photo courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project.

Seismic Waves Propagation Source: After U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1240-B.

Zones of Mercalli Intensity from Charleston Quake Source:Data from U.S. Geological Survey.

Earthquake Scrapbook

Pancake-Style Collapse — 1985 Mexico City Quake Source:Photograph by M. Celebi, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

Mission district — San Francisco Earthquake, 1906 Source:Photograph by G.K. Gilbert, courtesy U.S. Geological Survey.

Source: http://www. gly. fsu

Fourth Ave Landslide — Anchorage, Alaska, 1964 Source:Photograph courtesy USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

Wreckage of Gov’t Hill School, Anchorage, 1964 Source:Photograph courtesy USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.

Damage from 1886 Charleston, SC Earthquake Source: Photograph by J.K. Hillers, USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO.