European Environment Agency 1 Distributional and competitiveness implications of environmental tax reforms – revisited Stefan Speck and David Gee 11 th Global Conference on Environmental Taxation 3-5 November 2010 Bangkok, Thailand

European Environment Agency 2 Content ETR in the European context Recent projects assessing the effects of an ETR Competitiveness Effects of Environmental Tax Reform (COMETR) Resource Productivity, Environmental Tax Reform and Sustainable Growth in Europe (PETRE) The European Environmental Agency (ETR) project on ETR The UK Green Fiscal Commission A summary - the potential of environmental taxes and ETR in the current policy and fiscal debate The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Environment Agency

European Environment Agency 3 EEA: European Environment Agency “ The EEA aims to support sustainable development and to help achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe’s environment… … through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy making agents and the public.” EEA is an independent EU institution with 32 member countries incl. Turkey, Switzerland and Norway 200 staff in Copenhagen headquarters - and 5-6 Topic Centres with wide network throughout Europe Collaborating countries Member countries

European Environment Agency 4 ETR – the European context Environmental Tax Reform (ETR) is a particular public policy tool applying revenue-raising economic instruments to resource use and pollution, in order to increase the efficiency of resource use and improve the environment. Revenues can be used for different policy purposes. ETRs implemented in Europe closely followed the revenue-neutrality principle – a tax-shifting policy programme! Main obstacles hindering the more radical implementation of ETR: Competitiveness considerations – topic not only relevant in the context of ETR (environmental taxes) but also regarding the auctioning of emission allowances (EU Emission Trading Scheme) Equity issues – social considerations Unstable tax base / revenue stability

European Environment Agency 5 Competitiveness Effects of Environmental Tax Reform (COMETR) Analysis of ETRs implemented in Europe (ex-post analysis) Focus was on studying the ETR effects on competitiveness Six EU countries have implemented ETRs: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, UK The outcomes – environmental and economic – have been broadly positive: energy demand and emissions are reduced; employment is increased; effects on GDP are very small Effects on industrial competitiveness have been small See Andersen, M.S. and Ekins, P. (Eds.), 2009, Carbon Taxation: Lessons from Europe, Oxford University Press, Oxford and

European Environment Agency 6 COMETR – the economic impacts of ETR on GDP

European Environment Agency 7 COMETR – the impacts of ETR on CO2 emissions

European Environment Agency 8 Resource Productivity, Environmental Tax Reform and Sustainable Growth in Europe (PETRE) Analysis of a large scale ETR in Europe (EU-27) and what would be its implications for the rest of the world (ex-ante analysis) a carbon tax was introduced on all non-EU emission trading scheme (EU ETS) sectors. The carbon tax rate was equal to the carbon price in the EU ETS the taxation of material inputs apart from energy products The ETRs were modelled in a revenue-neutral fashion as all revenues were recycled back to the economy as the revenues paid by industries were used for a reduction in employers’ social security contributions and the revenues paid by households via an income tax reduction

European Environment Agency 9 Two macro-econometric models Scenario HS1: ETR with revenue recycling designed to meet unilateral EU 2020 GHG target (20% reduction from 1990 levels) Scenario HS2: ETR with revenue recycling designed to meet unilateral EU 2020 GHG target, with 10% of revenues spent on eco- innovation measures. Models deliver no forecasts but insights how economies develop! E3ME (GINFORS) HS1HS2 Carbon price (€ per ton 2008) 59 (68)53 (61) GDP0.3 (-0.6)0.8 (-0.3) Employment1.1 (0.4) Note: Figures show percentage change in EU27 main indicators in 2020 compared to the relevant baseline for each scenario Resource Productivity, Environmental Tax Reform and Sustainable Growth in Europe (PETRE)

European Environment Agency 10 Results: ETR would raise employment, lower resource consumption and will have only small effects on GDP Labour intensity increases, meaning that average labour productivity falls. This is a trade-off with the reductions in unemployment. Carbon productivity (defined by GDP per unit of CO2 emission and material productivity (GDP per unit of material consumption) increase Ekins, P. and Speck S. (Eds.), 2011 (forthcoming) Environmental Tax Reform: A Policy for Green Growth, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Resource Productivity, Environmental Tax Reform and Sustainable Growth in Europe (PETRE)

European Environment Agency 11 The EEA project on ETR The European Environment Agency (EEA) funded a follow-up project based on the PETRE project and studied aspects of: eco-innovation and ETR; equity effects/distributional implications of an ETR; and the feasibility of implementing a radical ETR and its acceptance The feasibility of implementing a radical ETR and its acceptance: a qualitative analysis aiming to understand the scope for using ETR to address current and future environmental challenges as well as assessing possible paths to develop a more harmonised approach to ETR in the EU

European Environment Agency 12 Eco-innovation and ETR The literature review suggests “that price-based policy instruments can (in theory) and do (in practice) have a positive impact on both innovation and diffusion of environmental technologies”. “... caution should be exercised in drawing general, definitive conclusions about the impacts of price-based policy instruments such as environmental taxes and investment subsidies on innovation – particularly relative to other policy instruments”. Based on scenarios it can be summarised that an ETR with spending revenues for eco-innovation leads to a positive outcome in terms of GDP and employment as compared to the results of other (PETRE) scenarios.

European Environment Agency 13 Distributional implications of an ETR The actual distributional impact depends, inter alia, on the subject of taxation: notably, taxes on household energy tend to be clearly regressive, while transport-related taxes have mixed distributional results. Result of the modelling exercise: In most countries, and at the aggregate EU level, the impacts were not found to be regressive across income groups The modelling results showed that the ETR would generally create a positive change in real incomes for all socio- economic groups and that only a limited number of households in some EU member states would be facing a lower income as a consequence of the ETR.

European Environment Agency 14 Distributional implications of an ETR – change in household income by quintile, 2020

European Environment Agency 15 The UK Green Fiscal Commission Objective: to prepare the ground for a significant programme of green fiscal reform in the UK, in terms of both assembling the evidence base for such a reform, and raising stakeholder and public awareness of it. Key message: “Green fiscal reform emerges as a crucial policy to get the UK on a low-carbon trajectory; help develop the new industries that will both keep it there and provide competitive advantage for the UK in the future; and contribute to restoring UK fiscal stability after the recession. It is a key to future environmental sustainability and low-carbon prosperity” “The politics is difficult, so need to develop a compelling narrative!” Final report published 10/2009:

European Environment Agency Last but not least … and most recent ETR Public/Policymakers Awareness Campaign Disseminating results of ETR projects and potential of ETR based on experience in other European countries Workshop with politicians and civil servants Conference with the civil society First event took place in Dublin/Ireland on 28/29 October 2010

European Environment Agency 17 Summary - the potential of ETR ETR has a minimal effect on national competitiveness and economic growth ETR can stimulate resource-efficient innovation – need to support this with complementary policies “Environmental taxes can spur innovation” (OECD) ETR doesn’t need to be regressive – significance of ETR design / recycling and compensation mechanism Public finances deteriorated during the financial and economic crises of the last years Fiscal consolidation strategies can be implemented at the revenue and at the spending side (austerity programmes) IMF – revenue side: “to strengthen broad-based taxes by an increase in excise tax rates and by introducing (and capturing revenues from) efficient carbon pricing”

European Environment Agency 18 Summary - the potential of ETR The aspect that environmental taxes are least detrimental to growth, in particular in comparison to labour taxes, is also highlighted by the EC (2010): “…simulations …indicate that a shift from the most distortionary taxes (on labour and capital) to the least distortionary taxes (on consumption, housing) could mitigate the output losses associated with fiscal consolidation in the short run and have a positive impact on GDP in the long run”. OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría: “Shifting part of the tax burden onto pollution makes it more attractive to develop and adopt these clean technologies and promotes green growth.” ETR is a key policy tool for fostering green growth

European Environment Agency 19 Thank you for your attention! Stefan Speck European Environment Agency