11 COUNTER-TERRORISM COMMITTEE CTED PRESENTATION ON MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE TO MEMBER STATES presentation by CTED GENERAL LEGAL ISSUES GROUP, INCLUDING LEGISLATION, EXTRADITION, AND MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE New York, 17 February 2010

22 Introduction In the Committees interim review of the work of CTED: Thematic aspects of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) Ways and means to enhance international legal and judicial cooperation.

33 Presentation on Mutual Legal Assistance I. I. Framework for International Mutual Legal Assistance II. II. Practical challenges for effective international judicial cooperation III. III. Human rights and international judicial cooperation

44 Framework for International Mutual Legal Assistance United Nations Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1373 (2001) United Nations Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1373 (2001) United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy International counter-terrorism conventions and protocols International counter-terrorism conventions and protocols UN Conventions against transnational organized crime UN Conventions against transnational organized crime Bilateral treaties on mutual legal assistance Bilateral treaties on mutual legal assistance Relevant regional, sub-regional treaties Relevant regional, sub-regional treaties Domestic law Domestic law

55 Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) 2. Decides also that all States shall: (f) Afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal investigations…. 3. Calls upon all States to: (a) Find ways of intensifying and accelerating the exchange of operational information, (b) Exchange information….and cooperate on administrative and judicial matters to prevent the commission of terrorist acts; (c) Cooperate, …through bilateral and multilateral arrangements (d) Become parties as soon as possible to the relevant international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism….. (e) Increase cooperation and fully implement the relevant international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism and Security Council resolutions

6 United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy II. Measures to prevent and combat terrorism To cooperate fully in the fight against terrorism Endeavour to conclude and implement mutual judicial assistance and extradition agreements To strengthen coordination and cooperation among States in combating crimes that might be connected with terrorism

77 International Conventions Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 1970: …..States shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of the offence… (article 10) (article 10)

88 International Conventions Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons, Including diplomatic Agents, 1973 Increased requirements: Increased requirements: States Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings ……, including the supply of all evidence at their disposal necessary for the proceedings..

99 International Conventions International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999 States Parties may not refuse a request for mutual legal assistance on the ground of bank secrecy (article 12) States Parties may not refuse a request for mutual legal assistance on the ground of bank secrecy (article 12) May give consideration to …sharing information or evidence needed to establish criminal, civil or administrative liability (article 12) May give consideration to …sharing information or evidence needed to establish criminal, civil or administrative liability (article 12) Fiscal offence (article 13). Fiscal offence (article 13).

1010 Bilateral arrangements Bilateral arrangements may include the requirements of the various conventions to which they are a party. Bilateral arrangements may include the requirements of the various conventions to which they are a party. Certain issues (e.g. cross-border investigations, controlled delivery, covert investigations and joint investigations teams between States) may be more easily achieved through a bilateral arrangement. Certain issues (e.g. cross-border investigations, controlled delivery, covert investigations and joint investigations teams between States) may be more easily achieved through a bilateral arrangement.

1111 Domestic law Domestic law Does the State have a domestic legal framework covering mutual legal assistance (Acts of Parliament)? Does the State have a domestic legal framework covering mutual legal assistance (Acts of Parliament)? Is the legislative framework broad enough to cover the obligations under resolution 1373 (in particular refer to codification of offences, international instruments) Is the legislative framework broad enough to cover the obligations under resolution 1373 (in particular refer to codification of offences, international instruments) Member States may make requests for assistance to foreign States with which they do not have treaties Member States may make requests for assistance to foreign States with which they do not have treaties These requests for assistance are treated on a case-by- case basis and the receiving State will respond at its discretion, depending on its domestic law These requests for assistance are treated on a case-by- case basis and the receiving State will respond at its discretion, depending on its domestic law Non-treaty requests may also be used where the State has a treaty with another State, but the type of offences or assistance may not be covered by the treaty. Non-treaty requests may also be used where the State has a treaty with another State, but the type of offences or assistance may not be covered by the treaty.

1212 Domestic law Domestic law A State may rely on a combination of domestic legislation, bilateral agreements, multilateral agreements, and regional or sub regional agreements A State may rely on a combination of domestic legislation, bilateral agreements, multilateral agreements, and regional or sub regional agreements Domestic legislation may also include practices and procedures for the effective implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements. Domestic legislation may also include practices and procedures for the effective implementation of bilateral and multilateral agreements.

1313 Dialogue with Member States Dialogue with Member States Codification Codification The State should have adequate measures on international legal cooperation obligations The State should have adequate measures on international legal cooperation obligations Cooperate internationally (formally and informally) Cooperate internationally (formally and informally) Execute correctly mutual legal assistance requests Execute correctly mutual legal assistance requests Legislation criminalizing the provision of safe haven to terrorists and their supporters by individuals or organizations. Legislation criminalizing the provision of safe haven to terrorists and their supporters by individuals or organizations. Requests for extradition or mutual legal assistance based on a terrorist offence cannot be refused on the grounds that the offence is of a political nature. Requests for extradition or mutual legal assistance based on a terrorist offence cannot be refused on the grounds that the offence is of a political nature.

1414 Focus Areas: international legal framework Implementation of Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1373 (2001) Implementation of Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1373 (2001) Encouraging ratification of international instruments Encouraging ratification of international instruments Full implementation of the international instruments Full implementation of the international instruments Encouraging the use of the international instruments as a basis for mutual legal assistance Encouraging the use of the international instruments as a basis for mutual legal assistance Encouraging the implementation of regional and sub regional instruments Encouraging the implementation of regional and sub regional instruments Reviewing, modernizing and updating domestic law. Reviewing, modernizing and updating domestic law.

1515 Focus areas: international legal framework Promote best practices and facilitate capacity- building and training for members of the judiciary and law enforcement agencies in procedures for requesting and offering assistance in mutual legal assistance Work with international, regional and sub regional organizations on effectively implementing modern tools, best practices, instruments and mechanisms for cooperation.

16 Sample References United Nations Model Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance (A/RES/45/116) United Nations Model Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance (A/RES/45/116) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Revised Manuals on the Model Treaty on Extradition and on the Model Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Revised Manuals on the Model Treaty on Extradition and on the Model Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Guide For the Legislative Incorporation and Implementation of the Universal Anti-Terrorism Instruments, United Nations, New York, 2006 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Guide For the Legislative Incorporation and Implementation of the Universal Anti-Terrorism Instruments, United Nations, New York, 2006 Implementation Kits for the International Counter-Terrorism Conventions, Commonwealth Secretariat Implementation Kits for the International Counter-Terrorism Conventions, Commonwealth Secretariat Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (CTOC/COP/2008/L.5/Rev.1 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (CTOC/COP/2008/L.5/Rev.1 Report Informal Expert Working Group on Mutual Legal Assistance Casework Best Practice, UNODC, Vienna 2001 Report Informal Expert Working Group on Mutual Legal Assistance Casework Best Practice, UNODC, Vienna 2001 Rabat Declaration, Annex Convention on Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance in Counter-terrorism (A/62/939, S/2008/567) Rabat Declaration, Annex Convention on Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance in Counter-terrorism (A/62/939, S/2008/567) ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Additional references see CTED presentation on The Challenge of Effective Judicial Cooperation. 16