UNECE CES Workshop ion statistics in international migration Minsk May Olga Chudinovskikh MSU / HSE Administrative sources of statistics on migration. An overview

Advantages of administrative statistics Data can be collected continuously (and not with a considerable time interval, as in traditional censuses). Higher is the level of reliability of the information collected on migrants, because most of records are proven with documents and can be verified (e.g. date and place of birth, place of previous residence, citizenship). The major advantage of statistics based on administrative sources is a relatively low cost. 2

3 Info on registration of arrival in a place of residence (stay), issued residence permits, work permits, international students (stocks and flows) Statistics of passport control Immigration and similar cards Data collected at the borders Statistics of passport control emigration and similar cards Population registers and foreigners, traditional (in the region) systems of population registration at the place of residence, admin. practices related to different categories of migrants (employment, training, asylum) The main types and sources of administrative data on international migration in the country: arrival and departure, flows and stocks Visa statistics and consular registration The "Golden rule" of migration statistics : each migrant should be counted twice - the first time in the country of previous residence, second in the country of destination Entry visas Data on registrations at consulates abroad, Departures Arrivals Data on de-registration from the place of residence and place of stay. Migrant workers – information of recruiting agencies. Students, retiring abroad (within the framework of intergovernmental agreements) Exit visas

The administrative systems with function of registration of the population by place of residence or stay 4 SourceТdata type The population registers (centralized or not) Registers of foreigners Administrative registration at place of residence and place of stay Flows: migrants, registered or de- registered from the register within a certain period of time. Stocks: resident population (those born abroad, foreigners, persons with immigrant backgrounds) for a certain time are permanently or temporarily residing in the country Main disadvantages - non-Declaration of the event of arrival or departure, the time lag between migration and accounting registers, errors The situation in the CIS : although the registers are established in some countries, statistics on flows is still mainly based on paper carriers

Register based statistics. Norway experience / Immigrants and population with foreign background ( up to grandparents’ origin ) Population by immigrant category and country background. Born in Norway to Norwegia n-born parents Immigrant s Norwegia n-born to immigrant parents Foreign- born with one Norwegia n-born parent Norwegia n-born with one foreign- born parent Foreign- born to Norwegia n-born parents Total Poland Sweden Lithuania Somalia Germany Iraq Denmark Pakistan Philippines Russia Iran Thailand Eritrea United Kingdom Vietnam Иммигранты и лица, родившиеся в Норвегии у родителей-иммигрантов, на 1 января 2015 года. (Immigrants and Norwegian – born to Immigrants parents) Statistics Norway

FlowsStocks Systems processing information on issued residence permits, work permits (etc.), asylum, citizenship, visas, international students, Law enforcement regularization campaigns Flows of applications and decisions (approved and rejected), issued permits – to work, to reside, foreign students’ entries to universities, etc. Stocks (if applicable) of permit holders, of foreign workers and students on a certain date 6 Limitations: citizens of some countries are not subject to accounting. Possible multiple counting. It is not always possible to allocate the number of documents, procedures or migrants ? The situation in the CIS – there are agencies that perform these functions, but the availability of statistics depends on the type of documents or procedures Special systems of immigration control, issuance of permits …….

Variables: the basis of migrants’ characteristics The population registers – a lot of variables and it is possible to link information about the migrant with the other registers with the help of the ID number Registers of foreigners – a sufficient number of variables, including the grounds for entry and stay As a rule administrative systems (not registers) includes information on place of birth and nationality Data collected at borders - passport control – limited information, Cards –situation differs in terms of variables diversity (as a rule – not that many) 7

Labour migration In-migration work permits, work visas, employers’ reports, a separate segment of information on labour migration - migration of professionals, the number of foreigners and the number of persons with diplomas from foreign educational institutions Data reflecting the contribution of migrants to the economy, demography, etc. Data on labour out- migration – rare examples of successful practices (Philippines) 8 Data on selected types of migration

Statistics on asylum and refugees : the report of Finland. At a global level - UNHCR 9 Считается, что учитываются все, кто должен быть учтен. Но, есть вопросы по учету ходатайств. Отчеты и база данных Верховного комиссариата ООН по вынужденным мигрантам Учет ходатайств, решений и лиц, проживающих в статусе беженца / вынужденного переселенца

Visa statistics 10 Limitations if visa-free regime prevails. A visa is not always followed by a trip Multiple entry visa - 1 visa – a few trips USA Visa office report Mainly – flows Almost is not available in CIS countries A number of countries publish detailed reports on the types of visas that allows to see the structure of the flows - immigration and non - immigration by purpose of entry

Консульский учет Matters, because the state must know the number of citizens in case of emergencies and during the elections. In some countries, citizens are charged with the requirement to notify the Consulate of stay in the country for more than a certain time, to better estimate emigration from the country of previous permanent residence (citizenship) Not always reflects emigration There is no clear mechanism to monitor the registration In many countries – voluntary registration 11 The number of persons registered within a period and stock of residents (permanent or temporary) citizens at the end of the period flows and stocks CIS - consular statistics is a rare exception

Administrative data collected at the borders 12 Type of data Registration on the basis of passport control Distribution, collection and processing of special cards (migration, passenger) Administrative practice on the identification of cases of illegal border crossing, overstay, fraud documents flows only number of border crossings - the entry and exit within a certain time period the number of persons entering the country for different purposes, types of visas the number of persons detained for various violations of the procedure of entry and exit Basic limitations: most of the movements are the trips, not the people, no count at the internal borders of the community of States (Schengen) CIS – a some data is published at a regular basis

Example – FRONTEX report (quarterly) 4.1. Задержания при попытках незаконного пересечения границ 4.2. Маршруты 4.3. Нелегальный въезд 4.4. Выявление посредников (для незаконного пересечения границ) 4.5. Отказы во въезде 4.6. Возвращения 4.7. Незаконное пребывание, убежище и миграция внутри Шенгенской зоны 4.8. Подделка документов 4.9. Другие незаконные действия на границе 4.10 Пассажиропоток

Border cards 14 Generally filled out on arrival, in a number of countries and at on exit as well As a rule, addressed to foreigners, in some countries to the nationals as well All passengers or separate groups (there are exceptions) The development can be continuous and selective Different degrees of use in the world as a source of data. Can be the basis or an additional element of the national system of data collection on migration Flows the complexity of processing, if the card is not in machine-readable format or not filled immediately in electronic form, re-entry possible In CIS – some countries only, statistics – a rare practice

Border-card based research, USA 15

Administrative data on demographic events with migrants The number of children born to persons who were themselves born abroad or have a different nationality (foreign-born / foreign) The number of marriages with foreigners, (and divorces) The number of deaths of migrants Based on these data, an assessment is made of the contribution of migrants to the demographic process of the country of reception (and its regions) In countries having a long experience with population registers, this information is one of the traditional segments of population statistics 16

Undocumented migration Illegal entry Overstay Illegal work Use all possible sources, the data are often combined. The method is chosen based on data availability. Census data and sample surveys, as well as - The number of detentions at the border Data on detentions and administrative sanctions against undocumented migrants, expulsions, etc. Regularization campaigns data

Limitations of administrative data Migrants or documents (procedures), change of status or migration? The underestimation (non-declaration of migration), Many types of registrations are addressed only to nationals of third countries, Multiple nationality affects the completeness and structure of flows and stocks The human impact on the correctness of information (completeness and lack of errors) 18

Possible departmental affiliation of administrative sources 19 NSA Min of labour Migration service MOI MFA Ministry of Justice Population register (or similar system of electronic registration of population in your country, if any) Register of foreigners (or similar system of electronic registration of foreigners) Tax service Min of education Civil records service Border control service Customs service Min of health National health insurance system National social security system (Pension funds etc.) Depending on the specific activity and the flows and stocks The situation in the CIS area: the data is available only if the functions of the Ministry include reporting to NSA on labour and educational migration or registration by place of residence

Administrative agencies and Statistics agency. NSA has access to the database of personal data the Transfer of information from the administrative source in NSA The Agency develops and publishes its reports independently An example of the interaction of the Immigration and NSA of Australia: (referring to statistics based on cards filled out at the border) 20 Note: On 1 October, DIBP transitioned to a new provider of passenger card processing services. As part of this transition, systems were developed to ensure data is captured from cards with a high level of accuracy. Errors in these systems have been identified which have resulted in the required levels of accuracy not being met. DIBP and the ABS are working closely together to manage the issues and minimise the delays to the provision of overseas arrivals and departures data to the ABS. The Secretary of DIBP has requested a report on the cause of these errors, correction of the errors including process improvements to ensure they do not occur again and assurance that required levels of accuracy will be achieved in future. and-departures.aspxhttp:// and-departures.aspx

Содержание квартального отчета МВД Соединенного Королевства «Статистика иммиграции» 21 Отчет мигр. Службы Канады -

Спасибо за внимание! 22

Что отражают административные данные по миграции? 23 Категория учета поток прибывших и выбывших за период численность мигрантов (документов?) с актуальным статусом на опр. Дату Лица, зарегистрированные/ снятых с учета по месту пребывания и месту жительства Виды на жительство (+ обращения, отказы по соответствующим заявлениям) Разрешения на работу (документы или физ.лица), отчеты (уведомления) от работодателей о найме иностранцев, Предоставление убежища Регистрация демографических событий, происшедших с мигрантами Выданных и продленных виз, Консульский учет в загранучреждениях Штрафные меры в отношении мигрантов, нарушивших законодательство на территории страны Результаты кампаний по регуляризации недокументированных мигрантов и т.д. Международные студенты Предоставление гражданства,