Geologic Resources: Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 14 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 12 th Edition Chapter 14 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Key Concepts  Types of mineral resources  Formation and location of mineral resources  Extraction and processing of mineral resources  Increasing supplies of mineral resources  Major types, acquisition, advantages, and disadvantages of fuel resources

Nature and Formation of Mineral Resources  Mineral resources  Metallic  Non-metallic  Energy resources  Magma  Hydrothermal  Weathering Existence Decreasing certainty Known Decreasing cost of extraction Otherresources Reserves Undiscovered Identified Not economical Economical Fig. 14.2, p. 321

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Metallic  Non-metallic  Energy resources  Ores

Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories  Identified  Undiscovered  Reserves Fig p. 340  Other

Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Satellite imagery  Aerial sensors (magnetometers)  Gravity differences  Core sampling  Seismic surveys  Chemical analysis of water and plants

Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources  Satellite and air imagery  Magnetometers  Gravity differences  Radiation detectors  Seismic surveys  Chemical analyses

Removing Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining  Overburden  Spoil  Open-pit  Dredging  Strip mining  Room and pillar  Longwall Refer to Figs and 14-5, p. 324 and 325 Methods

Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig and  Open-pit (surface mining)  Area strip (surface mining)  Contour strip (surface mining)  Dredging (surface mining)  Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)  Longwall (subsurface mining)

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act  Established 1977  Mine lands must be restored to pre- mining conditions  Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites  Limited success

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources  Disruption of land surface  Subsidence  Erosion of solid mining waste  Acid mine drainage  Air pollution  Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources Fig p. 344

Environmental Effects of Extracting Mineral Resources Steps Environmental Effects exploration, extraction Mining Disturbed land; mining accidents; health hazards; mine waste dumping; oil spills and blowouts; noise; ugliness; heat Solid wastes; radioactive material; air, water, and soil pollution; noise; safety and health hazards; ugliness; heat Processing transportation, purification, manufacturing Use transportation or transmission to individual user, eventual use, and discarding Noise; ugliness thermal water pollution; pollution of air, water, and soil; solid and radioactive wastes; safety and health hazards; heat Fig. 14.6, p. 326

Environmental Effects of Processing Mineral Resources  Ore mineral  Gangue  Tailings  Smelting See Case Study p. 328 Percolation to groundwater Leaching of toxic metals and other compounds from mine spoil Acid drainage from reaction of mineral or ore with water Spoil banks Runoff of sediment Surface Mine Subsurface Mine Opening Leaching may carry acids into soil and ground water supplies Fig. 14.7, p. 326

Processing Mineral Resources  Ore mineral  Gangue  Tailings  Smelting Refer to Fig p. 344

Environmental Effects of Using Mineral Resources  Disruption of land surface  Subsidence  Erosion of solid mining waste  Acid mine drainage  Air pollution  Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

Supplies of Mineral Resources  Economic depletion  Depletion time  Reserve-to-production ratio  Mining the ocean  Finding substitutes Fig. 14.9, p. 329 Refer to Fig p. 329 PresentDepletion time A Depletion time B Depletion time C Time Production C B A Recycle, reuse, reduce consumption; increase reserves by improved mining technology, higher prices, and new discoveries Recycle; increase reserves by improved mining technology, higher prices, and new discoveries Mine, use, throw away; no new discoveries; rising prices

Supplies of Mineral Resources  Economic depletion  Depletion time  Foreign sources  Economics  Environmental concerns  Mining the ocean  Finding substitutes Fig p. 346  New technologies

Evaluating Energy Resources  Renewable energy  Non-renewable energy  Future availability  Net energy yield  Cost  Environmental effects World Natural Gas 23% Coal 22% Biomass 12% Oil 30% Nuclear power 6% Hydropower, geothermal, Solar, wind 7%

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources Oil drilling platform on legs Mined coal Pipeline Pump Oil well Gas well Oil storageCoal Oil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy Hot water storage Contour strip mining Pipeline Drilling tower Magma Hot rock Natural gas Oil Impervious rock Water Floating oil drilling platform Valves Underground coal mine Water is heated and brought up as dry steam or wet steam Water penetrates down through the rock Area strip mining Geothermal power plant Coal seam Fig , p. 332

North American Energy Resources Coal Gas Oil High potential areas MEXICO UNITEDSTATES CANADA Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Grand Banks Gulf of Alaska Valdez ALASKA Beaufort Sea Prudhoe Bay Arctic Ocean Prince William Sound Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Trans Alaska oil pipeline Fig , p. 338