INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Computer Evolution  History of Computers  Generations of Computer  First Generation  Second Generation  Third Generation  Fourth and Fifth Generation  Categories of Computers  Types of Computer (Analog, Digital and Hybrid)

History of Computers  Man always searched for a fast calculating device, it took a long time to invent a digital computer.  A brief history behind the invention of computers is as follows:  Abacus : It was the first computing device, and was developed in 600 B.C.  It was used to perform simple addition and subtraction.  John Napier : It was a cardboard multiplication calculator.  It was designed in early 17th century.

History of Computers  Blaise Pascal : It was invented in 1642, it could only add and subtract the numbers, division and multiplication was done by repeated addition and subtraction.  Leibnitz: It was a the first calculator that could multiply and divide also, was invented in  Charles Xavier: It could perform addition, subtraction and multiplication as well.  Charles Babbage: In 1842, he developed an Analytical Engine that was automatic, which could perform 60 additions per minute.

Generations of Computers Gen. App. Dates Technology Speed(Op/s) Vacuum Tubes 40, Transistors 200, Small & medium 1,000,000 Scale integration Large Scale 10,000,000 integration Very Large Scale 100,000,000 integration

First Generation Computers ( )  The First generation computers were based on Vacuum tube, which was a glass tube that controlled and amplified the electronic signals.  Examples: ENIAC & UNIVAC  ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) invented in 1946, was the first electronic computer.  UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)was the first digital computer, was used in business and industries.

Advantages  Vacuum Tubes were the only electronic component available in those days.  This technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.  These computers could calculate data in milliseconds. Disadvantages  These were very large.  Consumed a large amount of energy.  Heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes.  Not reliable First Generation Computers

 Air conditioning was required.  Constant maintenance was required.  Non-portable.  Costly commercial production.  Limited commercial use.  Quite slow speed.  Limited programming capabilities.  Used machine language only.  Used magnetic drums which provide very less facility of data storage.  Very faulty. First Generation Computers

 This was the age of Transistors, which is a small device that transfers electronic signals across a resistor.  The concept of Minicomputers was introduced.  Examples : IBM 7094 series, IBM 1400 series and CDC 164 etc. Advantages  Smaller size as compared to the first generation computers  More reliable Second Generation Computers ( )

 More energy-efficient  Were not heated because of less energy  Wider commercial use  Better portability  Better speed, could calculate data in microseconds  Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, line printer etc.  Used Assembly language instead of machine language  Accuracy improved Second Generation Computers

Disadvantages  Air conditioning was required.  Constant maintenance was required  Commercial production was difficult  Also only used for specific purposes  Costly  Not versatile  Punch cards were used for input. Second Generation Computers

 It was the age of Integrated Circuits (ICs), which combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc.  Scientists later managed to fit even more components on a single chip called a Semiconductor.  The Concept of mainframes was introduced.  Examples: IBM System/360, UNIVAC 1108 and IBM 370 etc. Third Generation Computers ( )

Third Generation Computers Advantages  Smaller in size as compared to previous generation.  More reliable.  Less energy used  Produced less heat as compared to previous generation computers  More good speed, could calculate data in nanoseconds.  Used fan for heat discharge and to prevent from damaging  Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure was rare.

Third Generation Computers  Totally general purpose  Could be used for high level languages  Good storage  Versatile to an extent  Less expensive  Better accuracy  Commercial production increased  Used mouse, keyboard for input.

Third Generation Computers Disadvantages  Air conditioning was required  High sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.

There have been a Fourth and a Fifth generation based on advances in Integrated circuit technology. There have been a Fourth and a Fifth generation based on advances in Integrated circuit technology. With the introduction of Large-Scale Integration (LSI), more than 1000 components can be placed on a single integrated chip. With the introduction of Large-Scale Integration (LSI), more than 1000 components can be placed on a single integrated chip. Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) achieved more than 10,000 components per chip. Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) achieved more than 10,000 components per chip. Current VLSI chips can contain more than 100,000 components. Current VLSI chips can contain more than 100,000 components. Fourth and Fifth Generations

The fourth generation started with the invention of microprocessors. The fourth generation started with the invention of microprocessors. Microprocessors is a small chip containing thousands of ICs on it. Microprocessors is a small chip containing thousands of ICs on it. It greatly reduced the size of the computer. It greatly reduced the size of the computer. The modern microprocessors are usually one inch and can contain millions of electronic circuits. The modern microprocessors are usually one inch and can contain millions of electronic circuits. Fourth Generation Computers (1972 – 1977)

Advantages Very small in size Very small in size Less power consumption Less power consumption Less heat generated Less heat generated Large fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold Large fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold No air conditioning is required No air conditioning is required Best speed to read instructions (one billionth per second) Best speed to read instructions (one billionth per second) Reliable and powerful Reliable and powerful Totally general purpose Totally general purpose Fourth Generation Computers

Commercial production Commercial production Less need for repairing Less need for repairing Cheapest among all generations Cheapest among all generations All types of high-level languages can be used in this type of computer All types of high-level languages can be used in this type of computerDisadvantages Highly sophisticated technology required for manufacturing microprocessors Highly sophisticated technology required for manufacturing microprocessors Fourth Generation Computers

It is based on Artificial intelligence (AI), computers can understand spoken words instructions and imitate human reasoning. It is based on Artificial intelligence (AI), computers can understand spoken words instructions and imitate human reasoning. Scientists are working to increase the speed of computers. Scientists are working to increase the speed of computers. They are trying to create a computer with a real IQ with the help of advanced programming and technologies. They are trying to create a computer with a real IQ with the help of advanced programming and technologies. Fifth Generation Computers (1978 – To date)

With the rapid pace of technology, the high rate of introduction of new products, and the importance of software and communications as well as hardware, the classification by generation becomes less clear and less meaningful. With the rapid pace of technology, the high rate of introduction of new products, and the importance of software and communications as well as hardware, the classification by generation becomes less clear and less meaningful. It could be said that the commercial application of new developments resulted in a major change in the early 1970s and that the results of these changes are still being worked out. It could be said that the commercial application of new developments resulted in a major change in the early 1970s and that the results of these changes are still being worked out. Fifth Generation Computers

Categories of Computer Before: Computers are categorized into three main categories from least to most powerful: microcomputers minicomputers mainframe computers Today: A computer is categorized based on its technology, function, size, performance, and cost

Categories of Computer Today’s Computer Categories Personal computers Handheld computers Workstations Videogame Consoles Mainframes Supercomputers Servers

Categories of Computer Personal Computer A personal computer is a type of microcomputer designed to meet the computing needs of an individual. It consists of one or more input devices, Output device, storage device, memory and processor. It further categorized as: Desktop computers Notebook computers Tablet PC

Categories of Computer Desktop Computer It is designed in a way that all its components fit on a desk or a table. Notebook Computer It is also called as Laptop Computer, it is small in size and can be placed easily on lap. It can be used using batteries, It can perform same basic functions as a personal computer. A notebook computer contains CPU, memory capacity and disk drives.

Categories of Computer The keyboard and touchpad in notebook computer are placed on the top of the system unit. They are easy to carry and can be used outdoors in airports and in classrooms without the need for the nearby electrical outlet. Tablet PC A Tablet PC is a portable computing device featuring a touch-sensitive screen that can be used as a writing or drawing pad. The user gives instructions with digital pen. Many tablet PCs have built-in microphone.

Categories of Computer Handheld Computers A handheld computer is one that is designed to fit into a pocket, run on batteries, and be used while you are holding it Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) Send and receive Use maps and global positioning Maintain expense account, contacts, to-do lists, memos, etc. Make voice calls using cellular service

Categories of Computer Workstation Computers The term “workstation” has two meanings Powerful desktop models designed for specialized tasks Ordinary personal computers connected to a local area network. A computer network is two or more computers or other devices that are connected for the purpose of sharing data and programs

Categories of Computer Mainframe Computers A mainframe computer is a large and expensive computer that is capable of passing data simultaneously to many users Used by governments and large corporations to provide centralized storage

Categories of Computer Server A server serves the computers on a network by supplying them with data. Client A client receives data from a server Any computer can be a server or a client High performance servers are needed when there is a need for lots of users and rapid response

Categories of Computer Super Computers A supercomputer is one of the fastest computers in the world Breaking codes Modeling weather systems Simulating nuclear explosions Research simulations

Categories of Computer