Electric fields

Objectives Interpret electric field diagrams. Describe and calculate the relationship between electric force and electric field for a point charge. Identify examples of electric fields in everyday life.

1.Two charged particles are arranged as shown. Which statement below is true? Assessment A.Both charges must be positive. B.Both charges must be negative. C.The upper charge is positive and the lower charge is negative. D.The upper charge is negative and the lower charge is positive.

2.The proton in a hydrogen nucleus has a charge of 1.6 × C, and the electron, located 5 × m away, has a charge of −1.6 × C. Assessment 3.If you are caught outside in a lightning storm, would you be safer standing under a tree or getting into a car? Why? a.Calculate and describe the electric force between them. b.What is the strength of the electric field at the location of the electron – even if the electron is not there to “feel” it?

Physics terms electric force electric field electric field lines Faraday cage

Equations electric force electric field

Where would you be safer in a lightning storm? in a car? under a tree? Why? Think

Where would you be safer in a lightning storm? Think The answer to this question lies in an understanding of the nature of electric fields and conductors.

Imagine that a positively-charged sphere is placed in a region of space. This charged sphere creates an electric field at ALL points in space in this region. If you bring another charged particle into this region, it will feel force of attraction or repulsion due to this electric field. What is the electric field?

Electric field diagrams How can we represent the electric field if it exists at ALL points in space?

The electric field can be represented with electric field lines, similar to magnetic field lines. Electric field lines trace the direction of the force on a positive test charge. Electric field diagrams

Electric field lines... Electric field lines always point away from positive charges always point toward negative charges are close together where the force is strong are far apart where the force is weak never cross or tangle

Electric vs. gravitational fields Gravitational force field diagram for Earth The force of gravity is always attractive.

Electric force field diagrams: Positive charge + test charge is repelled Electric vs. gravitational fields Gravitational force field diagram for Earth The force of gravity is always attractive.

Electric force field diagrams: Positive charge Negative charge + test charge + test charge is repelled is attracted Gravitational force field diagram for Earth The force of gravity is always attractive. Electric vs. gravitational fields

Electric force field diagrams: Positive charge Negative charge + test charge + test charge is repelled is attracted Electric fields At every point in space, the electric field has both a magnitude and a direction.

Electric field of two charges When the electric field is created by two or more charges, then E is the vector sum of the electric fields from each charge.

Electric field of two charges two positive charges two negative charges two opposite charges A positive test charge will feel a force from each charge creating the field. When the electric field is created by two or more charges, then E is the vector sum of the electric fields from each charge.

A positive (+) test charge experiences equal and opposite forces which sum to zero here. Like charges

A positive (+) test charge is repelled by positive charge and attracted by negative charge here. Unlike charges

The field is weak where lines are far apart. The field is strong where lines are close. A positive (+) test charge is repelled by positive charge and attracted by negative charge here.

Like charges repel one another. If a conductor has excess charge, those charges will move as far apart as possible – to the surface of the conductor. Electric charge on a conductor

Like charges repel one another. If a conductor has excess charge, those charges will move as far apart as possible – to the surface of the conductor. This is true regardless of the shape of the conductor. Electric charge on a conductor

The electric field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is always zero... E = 0 Electric field of a conductor

The electric field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is always zero... even if the conductor is placed in an external electric field!

English scientist Michael Faraday invented the Faraday cage in If a cage is made of metal, anything inside the cage is shielded from outside electricity and electric fields. The Faraday cage

In a lightning storm, the metal frame of a car acts as a Faraday cage.

The Faraday cage If lightning strikes the outside of the car, electric charges will redistribute themselves to keep the electric field inside the car at zero. In a lightning storm, you would be much safer inside a car than under a tree!

Shielding effect of conductors Some electrical appliances create electric fields that can interfere with the operation of other sensitive devices.

One way to prevent interference is to enclose the device in a conducting material to block outside electric fields. Shielding effect of conductors Standard RJ45 cable has conducting metal mesh on the outside to shield the signal from interference.

The relationship between the electric force and electric field is: Calculating force and field Electric field is a vector quantity, so it has both magnitude and direction.

The relationship between the electric force and electric field is: Calculating force and field Electric field is a vector quantity, so it has both magnitude and direction. The electric field is a property of a point in space. It tells you the force that will be exerted—per coulomb of charge placed at that point.

The force of gravity near Earth’s surface is: g is the force per unit mass. It can be measured in N/kg! A useful analogy

The force of gravity near Earth’s surface is: g is the force per unit mass. It can be measured in N/kg! The electric force in an electric field is: E is the force per unit charge, measured in N/C. A useful analogy

P Imagine that the electric field at some point P near this charged sphere has a strength of 500 N/C. What is the force on a 1 C charge placed at that point? What is the force on a 0.5 C charge placed that that point? The electric field has units of newtons per coulomb. Applying the concept

Imagine that the electric field at some point P near this charged sphere has a strength of 500 N/C. What is the force on a 1 C charge placed at that point? 500 N What is the force on a 0.5 C charge placed that that point? 250 N The electric field has units of newtons per coulomb. P Applying the concept

Electric field of a point charge Two charges, q and q 2, exert repulsive forces on each other:

The electric field created by q at the location of q 2 is: Electric field of a point charge Two charges, q and q 2, exert repulsive forces on each other:

Electric field of a point charge E has this value at this point in space even if q 2 is not there to “feel” it. Two charges, q and q 2, exert repulsive forces on each other: The electric field created by q at the location of q 2 is:

Test your knowledge What is the strength of the electric field 1.00 meter away from a point charge of q = +2.0 x C?

Test your knowledge

Assessment 1.Two charged particles are arranged as shown. Which statement below is true? A.Both charges must be positive. B.Both charges must be negative. C.The upper charge is positive and the lower charge is negative. D.The upper charge is negative and the lower charge is positive.

1.Two charged particles are arranged as shown. Which statement below is true? Assessment A.Both charges must be positive. B.Both charges must be negative. C.The upper charge is positive and the lower charge is negative. D.The upper charge is negative and the lower charge is positive.

Assessment a.Calculate and describe the electric force between them. 2.The proton in a hydrogen nucleus has a charge of 1.6 × C, and the electron, located 5 × m away, has a charge of −1.6 × C.

a.Calculate and describe the electric force between them. b.What is the strength of the electric field at the location of the electron – even if the electron is not there to “feel” it? Assessment attractive 2.The proton in a hydrogen nucleus has a charge of 1.6 × C, and the electron, located 5 × m away, has a charge of −1.6 × C.

a.Calculate and describe the electric force between them. b.What is the strength of the electric field at the location of the electron – even if the electron is not there to “feel” it? Assessment attractive 2.The proton in a hydrogen nucleus has a charge of 1.6 × C, and the electron, located 5 × m away, has a charge of −1.6 × C.

3.If you are caught outside in a lightning storm, would you be safer standing under a tree or getting into a car? Why? Assessment

3.If you are caught outside in a lightning storm, would you be safer standing under a tree or getting into a car? Why? Answer: you would be safer in the car. The car acts as a Faraday cage, shielding you from outside electricity and electric fields.

Point charges create electric fields that are non-uniform. These fields are strong close to the charges and weak far from the charges. Question: Is it possible to create a uniform electric field— a field that has the same strength at all points? Uniform fields (advanced)

Capacitors are electrical components that CAN create a uniform electric field. A capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. Capacitors (advanced)

When the capacitor is connected to a voltage source, the two plates become oppositely charged. A uniform electric field is created in the region between the two plates. Capacitors (advanced)

Capacitors are one of the most common circuit elements, and have many uses. One of these uses is to store and quickly release energy, so they are used in flash photography and in defibrillators. Uses of capacitors (advanced)

Capacitors can be combined with resistors into RC circuits, which are useful as timing devices. Capacitors can be combined with resistors and inductors to create LRC circuits, which can be tuned to specific frequencies, such as for radio reception. Uses of capacitors (advanced)