 Country born vs. saltwater  Georgia first outlawed slavery, but later became royal colony & repealed law  Rice 3 rd most valuable crop  Task system: allowed for hunting, family gardens  Communities w/in slave system: passed down African traditions  African-Americans  Largest ethnic group to N. America during colonial period

 Slave system of Italian & Spanish sugar plantations of Mediterranean  With sugar came slaves to Americas  Dutch expand sugar’s popularity in Brazil  English in West Indies start plantations  West African culture: kinship, polygamy (for those who could afford it), agriculture & commerce based

 Largest forced migration in history  1490’s-1870’s  million Africans  Americas  Peak period , British North America smallest recipient  2 men : woman, years old  All Western European nations involved  Collaboration between European, African, American slave traders  Small and large raids, kidnapping  Shocking and traumatic (duh!!)  Both sides feared cannibalism (kinda funny)

 Anywhere from 3 weeks to 3 months  Packed slaves into selves below decks 6’x2.5’  Chained together, brought to deck to “dance”  Smell, heat, death, noise, disease epidemics  Slave revolts, jumped overboard  Upon arrival sold in auctions, or to individuals = humiliation & separation from family & clans

 Africa got weaker as Europe & America got stronger  Stagnation of economy  Loss of labor force  reliance on consumer goods  Prepared the way for European colonization of 19 th century

 Bacon’s Rebellion + longer lifespan of indentured servants+ opportunities for Europeans in other colonies = direct shipments of slaves to North America  1662 Virginia law: Children inherit status of mother  5 years later: baptism to Christianity doesn’t alter status  1669: Death of slave doesn’t = murder  1705 official Virginia slave code written, duplicated by other colonies  Tobacco farming of Upper South labor intensive  1750, 80% of Chesapeake slaves country-born (creole)

 South Carolina & slavery go hand-in-hand  Started with Indian slaves  Rice  African slaves  West Indian indigo- dye  International slave trade ended 1808  80% of coastal population of South Carolina and Georgia  Spanish papacy denounced slavery, still practiced  Named Florida slave refuge in exchange for defense  African & Indian communities  French Louisiana, slaves & Indians revolt  Northern colonies had slaves, not slave societies

 18 th century, dozens of ethnic groups  new people  Community formed out of Creole/African, slave/master relationship  African slaves = profitability of south  #1 role field hands  Variety of living situations depending on farm type and master  Formation of FAMILY & kinship  African American culture  Slave Codes: Laws which codified slave status and denial of basic civil rights  Distinctive music (banjo, drums), dance, religion (burial tradition), oral tradition, language (Gullah, Geechee), medical magic

 Medicinal traditions  Food: BBQ, fried chicken, black-eyed peas, collard greens, spices  Material goods/designs, architecture  Nurse maids  Language

 Threat of lashes  Typical punishment of extra work, public humiliation, solitary  Some masters cruel, sadistic  Daily resistance  Runaway communities: maroons  Revolts: New York, Lower South

 British economy:  Slave colonies = 95% exports from America  Slave trade as foundation  Provided stimulus to manufacturing, markets  Profits  investments in economy  Profits  capital  modern banks & insurance co.  Cotton  Industrial Revolution  Mercantilism:  colonies exist for benefit of mother country  colonial regulation of trade, banking/money, enterprises  political control of economy by government  nation w/most treasure is most powerful

 Old World issues playing out in New World  Queen Anne’s War: England vs. France & Spain in Caribbean & Georgia. Resulted in British control of slave trade  Control of Indian trade in north: France vs. Britain. Resulted in British control of French territories  King George’s War: Continuation of British/French conflict in north  Seven Years War: Next chapter

 Benefitted planters, merchants, white colonialists  Protected markets at home, foreign markets for goods  New England: Ship building & illegal sugar trade (rum)  Southern colonies: exports of tobacco, rice, indigo  Inter-colonial trade: Northeast/South trade ties grew strong

 Increased prosperity, improved living conditions, greater freedom for WHITE MEN  Oppression of African Americans and women  Wealth concentrated in the hands of few  Elite landowners controlled politics  45% of households (w/land) owned 1-4 slaves  Landless tenant farmers, indentured servants, farm workers = 40% of population  Free blacks weren’t citizen (only white men)