Music Culture Chapter 2

What You Will Learn Explain what the music of various cultures teaches us about the cultures and their people. Identify classifications and specific types of musical instruments and the sound each produces. Analyze examples of traditional music form distinct world cultures. Describe the history and contribution of Motown to American popular music. Discuss the characteristics of classical music.

Vocabulary Anthropologists Ethnomusicologists Culture Music culture Rhythm Timbre Genre Musical style Traditional music Popular music Classical music Gamelan Chamber music

Musician Profiles Berry Gordy Jr. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Music Cultures and Instrumental Timbres Cultural foundations of music Instruments have been found dating back to 2000 B.C. Ancient artwork shows people playing instruments Art was important Art helped define the culture

Exploring Music and Culture Many cultures have unwritten musical traditions Two groups study these traditions Anthropologists – Scholars who study the physical and cultural characteristics and social customs of a group of people Ethnomusicologists – Scholars who study the music of different cultural groups They both study written and unwritten music and how music and culture influence one another

Toward a definition of culture The customs, beliefs, language, arts and institutions of a group of people that are learned and transmitted within the group Culture can apply to any specific group within a society Music Culture – The performance practices, means, traditions, uses, and beliefs about music of a group of people, either from a specific time or place Many cultures have unwritten musical traditions Music traditions are best view in the context in which they originate

Elements of Music Melody – Rhythm – Timbre – Pitch – Logical succession of musical tones Rhythm – The way the beats or pulses are organized and subdivided Timbre – The distinct tonal quality of an instrument or voice, which is clearly identifiable by the ear (tone color) Pitch – The highness or lowness of sound determined by its frequency of vibration

Identifying instrumental timbres Aerophone– Instruments that produce sound by a vibration of air – flutes, oboes, trombones

Identifying Instrumental timbres Idiophones – Simple solid instruments that produce sound by being struck, scraped, or shaken – gongs, cymbals, rattles, xylophone.

Identifying Instrumental timbres Membranophones – Instruments that produce sound by striking or rubbing a skin or membrane stretched across a resonating air chamber – conga, drums, timpani

Identifying Instrumental timbres Chordophones – Instruments that create sound by striking, rubbing, or plucking a taut string – guitar, harp, violin

Identifying Instrumental timbres Electrophones – Instruments that generate sound from electricity – electric organs and synthesizers

Activity 1, p. 27 CD Categorizing familiar musical instruments Create a list of music instruments with which you are familiar. Classify the instruments into the five basic categories: aerophones, idiophones, membranophnes, chordophones, or electrophones. What characteristics of the instruments helped you classify them? Are there any instruments that might fall into more than one category? How did you decide?

Identifying instrumental pitch ranges Instruments are identified by the range of pitches they can play Pitch is effected by the size of the instrument – larger is lower Stretching a membrane raises pitch

Activity 2, p. 28 1:25-32 For each excerpt, describe all the timbres and identify the instruments producing the sounds your hear. Locate the general pitch range you hear for each instrument on the chart on p. 28. then, classify the instruments according to their appropriate category. Excerpt 1 “Moto Perpetuo” Metal timbre Steel pans Range about that of a piano idiophone

Activity 2, p. 28 Excerpt 2 Excerpt 3 “Exploration” Horn timbre Conch shells, drums Range of trombone Aerophone & idiophone Excerpt 3 “Libertango Tango Suite” String, accordian timbre Cello, bandoneon Range of cello – clarinet Chordophone & aerophone

Activity 2, p. 28 Excerpt 4 Excerpt 5 “Three-Part Invention No. 15” String & wood timbres Banjo, violin, marimba Range from cello – violin Chordophones & idiophones Excerpt 5 “Piano and Woodwind Quartet” Woodwind timbres Flute, oboe, clarinet bassoon, horn Range from horn – flute aerophone

Activity 2, p. 28 Excerpt 6 Excerpt 7 “Flight of the Bumblebee” Brass timbre Trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba Range of tuba-trumpet Aerophone Excerpt 7 “Papa Was a Rolling Stone” Guitar and drum timbres Electric guitar Range bass guitar-lead guitar electrophones

Activity 2, p. 28 Excerpt 8 “What Child is This?” electronic timbres English horn, synthesized bass Range bass guitar – English horn Aerophone & electrophone

Assignment Design an instrument from each category(except electrophone). Either build the instruments or write a short paragraph about how you would build each instrument. You can build some instruments and write about others.

Musical Categories Brainstorm a definition of each of the three musical categories: traditional, classical, and popular.

Traditional, Popular, and Classical music Genre - A particular type of music with a distinctive form or sound Musical style – A form of expression within a musical genre You can identify music by making certain distinctions What instruments are playing – symphony or rock band Behavior and dress of the musicians Social and cultural context – also helps us understand the culture

Traditional Music Informal music that develops within and is strongly associated with a cultural group or region – “folk music” Closely tied to language and customs Participatory Oldest and most prevalent category Ceremonial, religious, celebratory, or entertainment Rarely written down or used for commercial purposes Taught by word of mouth in social settings

Popular Music Music intended for a wide audience, often featuring prominent melodies Mostly for entertainment Participatory Has roots in traditional and classical music

Classical music A style of art music that stands apart from traditional or popular music Musicians have formal training Not participatory Associated with more educated members of society At one time, only wealthy citizens and leaders were allowed this music.

Activity 3, p. 31 CD 1:33-36 Categorize and evaluate music in terms of genre Listen to the first two examples. Then, describe the following. Its social function: Where would your hear it? What function does it serve? Its music qualities: What do you hear? Do you hear repetition? A strong beat or melody? Now listen to two different recordings of the same pieces. Would you categorize these in the same way? Do you think the function or intended audience is different? Explain.

Traditional Music Cultures Some cultures have musical expressions so distinctive that they are immediately recognizable Mexico – large country with many regions Music plays a central role in the lives of the people

The Music of Mexico Influences Native cultures - Religious and social music was important Spanish - introduced a wide variety of music and instruments Enslaved Africans and Caribbean immigrants influenced Mexican music This blend is called mestizso – mixed culture

The Music of Mexico Each region produces its own unique musical forms All use Spanish instruments Music used for baptism, birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, funerals, civic ceremonies, and religious holidays

Regional Music East – Veracruz Played on 4 instruments Arpa – 36 string harp that plays melody and bass Requinto jarocho – 4 stringed guitar that plays melody Jarana – thin guitar that plays rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment Six-string guitar – rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment Sones jarochos – traditional songs Activity 4, p.33 – CD 2:33 La Bamba

Bali Province of the Republic of Indonesia, north of Australia People are know for their uniquely ritualistic forms of music, drama, and dance Islam is the predominant religion in Indonesia Hindu is the most common in Bali

The Music of Bali Nearly everyone in Bali is an artist Gamelan – A Balinese music ensemble or performing group Many types of groups Musicians play metallophones, gongs, cymbals, drums, flutes, and a 2-stringed fiddle Musicians are male, the women dance Dances relate to religious stories of the region

The Barong Dance One of the most popular dance dramas Struggle between good and evil Accompanied by a gamelan orchestra

Activity 5, p. 35 CD 2:1 Overture to the Barong Dance (Balinese Gamelan) Can you detect two distinct moods? Describe them. One is dramatic and spirited the other is calm and peaceful. The moods represent the struggle between good and evil Is there any repetition? Yes, there a repeated patterns. Does the tempo stay the same or change often? The tempo changes from fast slow and back What instrument leads the group? Drums

Popular Music Cultures Where and what is Motown Motown is the nickname for Detroit, Michigan In music it means the name of one of the most successful and influential music recording and publishing empires in the world At one time it was the largest business in the US owned by African Americans

The history of Motown records Berry Gordy, Jr. (assembly line worker) started Motown records in the late 1950’s with a borrowed $800 The first hit was in 1960 “Money” In 1961 he signed the Supremes Motown of the 60’s established a sound and a style of dress and performance It helped propel African American artists into the mainstream The Supremes Berry Gordy Jr.

Motown Berry Gordy built Motown into a powerful force with groups like Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, The Temptations, and Marvin Gaye 75% of Motown releases became hits In 1988 he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame That year he sold Motown records for $61 million. Most of the music was simple and happy

Activity 6, p. 39 CD 2:2 Gordy was famous for asking, “Let’s say you’ve got a dollar and you’re hungry. Would you buy a sandwich or would you buy this record?” “Dancing in the Street” List 4 reasons why you believe this song clearly was preferred over the sandwich. As you listen, try to name the major cities the group sings about. Chicago, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, D.C., Detroit, LA

Original Tunes and Covers One musicians’ playing or recording of a song made famous by another artist Activity 6, p. 39 CD 2. 3 & 4 Which version is the cover?

Activity 7, p. 40 CD 2:5 “Do You Love Me?” Written by Berry Gordy Recorded by The Contours in 1962 – went to #3 on the charts Recorded by the Dave Clark Five in 1964 and went to #11 Released in 1988 and returned to #11.

Classical Music Cultures Many cultures have produced classical music throughout history Classical music is usually associated with Europe between 175 and 1830 The Classical Period Patronage system Composers and musicians were supported by the rich(royalty and church leaders They were employees and taught the wealthy students

The emerging Middle Class As the period advanced, more people made more money As they made more money, the middle class wanted to share in the cultural entertainments of the elite class Their children took music lessons Composers were influenced by the tastes of the middle class Some wrote music for amateur musicians They used familiar folk and popular tunes in their music Mozart and Haydn wrote dance music for public balls

Chamber music Music written during the classical period for small ensembles Music was played in small private homes, not concert halls Theme and variations was popular during this period Activity 9, p. 44 CD 2:6 Quintet for Clarinet and Strings in A Major by Mozart How is a sense of unity achieved? Each variation is based on the same theme How is variety achieved? Changes in tone color, tempo, dynamics, tonality, & articulation What in the music suggests that Mozart had a sense of humor? Use of staccato, tempo changes, and the surprising ending

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791 One of the world’s most celebrated composers Musical genius Child prodigy – performing for royalty and composed his first symphony at age 8 and his first opera at age 11 Wrote sacred works, piano music, orchestral works, vocal music, chamber music concertos, and operas Operas – The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and The Magic Flute (still performed today) His music reflects his wide range of moods, formal perfection, rich harmony, ingenious coloration and melodic beauty Died in poverty at age 35

Review - terms Music written during the Classical period for small ensembles Chamber music Form of expression within a musical genre Musical style Scholar who studies the music of different cultural groups Ethnomusicologist The name of music intended for a wide audience, featuring prominent melodies and simple chordal accompaniment Popular music

Review – more terms Designates a particular type of music with a distinctive form or sound Genre Instruments that produce sound by a vibrating column of air Aerophones The distinct tonal quality of an instrument or voice, which is clearly identified by the ear Tone color Balinese music ensemble Gamelan

Review – even more terms Performance practices, means, traditions, uses and beliefs about music of a group of people, either from a specific time or place Music culture Simple solid instruments that produce sound by being struck, scraped, or shaken Idiophones Instruments that generate sound from electricity Electrophones The oldest more prevalent category of music Traditional music Style of “art” music that stands apart from traditional or popular music? Classical music

Review Motown All Music shares these common elements: one of the most successful and influential music recording and publishing empires Located in Detroit, Michigan One of the most distinctive rock and roll music styles of the 20th century Review All Music shares these common elements: Melody Rhythm Timbre pitch Influences of Mexican music: Spanish African Music Traditions Many cultures have unwritten musical traditions Music traditions are best viewed within the context of the culture Random Information The theme and variation was popular during the classical period The larger the instrument the lower the pitch

Describe the history and contribution of Motown to American popular music. Name some of the artists. late 1950’s Berry Gordy Jr., song writer and music producer, started a record company in Detroit After his first hit, “Money”, in 1960 he looked for new artists Contributions New distinctive sound Influenced attitude and dress Artists The Supremes Marvin Gaye Smokey Robinson Michael Jackson

Explain the difference between traditional and popular music Folk music Associated with specific cultures or areas Participatory Tied to language and customs Intended for wide audience Reflects culture but can create its own culture entertainment

Chapter 2 project – Music Culture in Your Community Group 1 Brandon Jory Dakota Group 2 Nataliya Aaron Kimberlee Group 3 Kelly Lindsy Derek Group 4 Kayla Austin Blake