TRIBRID CONCEPT FOR ENERGY REDISTRIBUTION WITHIN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS By Lev Britvin & Boris Schapiro ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 1 of 25

1. The Energy Unification for Mobility Concept (EU M Concept) 2. Transportation Systems with Heat Storage 2.1. Heat Storage as a Secondary Energy Source 2.2. Heat Storage as Primary Energy Source 2.3. Heat Storage in Combination with a Porous Burner 3. Conclusion Comparison of transportation technologies ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 2 of 25

1.The E nergy U nification for M obility Concept: EU M Concept ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 3 of 25

ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 4 of 25 Proposed Energy Flows for the EU M Concept E-Socket Sun Energy Source Wind Water Oil Gas Coal Nuclear Hybrid Systems with Heat Storage TRIBRID-Systems Hydrogen Production on Site and as Required for Hydrogen-based Transportation Systems Electric Car and Hybrid Systems Energy Utilization

Advantages: ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 5 of 25

The energy efficiency of fossil fuels will increase by 10 – 15%. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 6 of 25

The cleaning of waste gases, as well as heat and resource reclamation, will be significantly more efficient AND cost effective in an industrial production plant. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 7 of 25

Transportation costs for fuel delivery will be reduced. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 8 of 25

The infrastructure for energy distribution is already in place everywhere. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 9 of 25

Future changes in the energy production sector can be implemented without resulting in undesirable costs for required technical changes in the energy utilization sector. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 10 of 25

The energy production and energy utilization sectors are decoupled, resulting in greater utility for consumers and the economy as a whole. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 11 of 25

2. Transportation Systems with Heat Storage 2.1. Heat Storage as a Secondary Energy Source ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 12 of 25

Load increases such as acceleration or driving up hill should be assumed by an ancillary steam engine. The steam engine would be powered by steam from the heat storage facility. Interesting only for heavy vehicles. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 13 of 25

Steam with its water exhaust is not the only medium that could be employed. Other heat storage and transfer media such as freons, saline solutions, etc., could be used in closed systems. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 14 of 25

Reclamation of exhaust heat with an exit temperature i.e. of 600 o C for maintaining optimal operating conditions in the heat storage facility could raise the effective exploitation efficiency of the chemical energy stored in the diesel fuel up to 80%. Exhaust pollutants would be reduced correspondingly. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 15 of 25

2. Transportation Systems with Heat Storage 2.2. Heat Storage as Primary Energy Source ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 16 of 25

3.4 tons of water at 375 °C and 220 atm, plus 25 liters of diesel fuel for maintaining optimal power output, can power a fully loaded 40-ton truck for 10.5 hours at 100 km/h under optimal conditions (level road and a 40% efficient steam engine) for a total range of 1000 kilometers. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 17 of 25

In this scenario, 2.5 to 3 liters of diesel fuel per 100 kilometers travelled are required to maintain optimal power output, compared to 35 to 45 liters per 100 kilometers required to travel with the diesel engine alone. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 18 of 25

With the EU M concept, the 40-ton truck would use only 25 liters of diesel fuel for the same stretch. Plus 385 liters of diesel fuel required if the electricity used to heat up the heat storage system initially is generated industrially using diesel fuel only. 410 instead of 425 liters of diesel fuel. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 19 of 25

In Germany alone there are roughly 200,000 registered 40-ton tractor-trailers driving an average of 40,000 km each per year, adding up to 120,000,000 liters of diesel fuel per year. At current prices, that is 132 million Euros needlessly burned, assuming that the electricity used to preheat the heat storage facility was generated using diesel only. A different electricity mix would result in even greater waste. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 20 of 25

The greatest strength of the EU M Energy Unification for Mobility concept is that the energy delivered to the e-socket for preheating heat storage facilities, charging batteries or producing hydrogen on-site need not be generated by burning fossil fuels only but can come from a variety of other sources. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 21 of 25

If the EU M concept is implemented, changes in the current electricity mix can be completely decoupled from further technological developments in the energy utilization sector. This could save the world economy many billions of Euros in avoidable costs without detracting from technological and ecological progress. ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 22 of 25

3. Conclusion Comparison of transportation technologies ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 23 of 25

Our comparison shows, that, if diesel and natural gas-based transportation technology is rejected for the greater good, then steam-fossil-electric tribrid technology has an absolute advantage (74 total points, normalized value), with electric-fossil hybrid technology coming in second (65 total points, normalized value). ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 24 of 25

Thank you very much for your attention and interest! ICSAT 2010, TRIBRID CONCEPT, February 26, 2010, Page 25 of 25