© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 36 Electric Vehicles

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electric Vehicles

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. History Early vehicles were often electrically powered In 1990, CARB ruled zero emission vehicles must be offered by 2003 EV1 introduced in 1996 Tesla introduced in 2008 Nissan Leaf introduced in 2010

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Zero Emission Vehicles Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) use energy stored in batteries BEVs have zero exhaust emissions Emission are generated by the production of electricity to charge a BEV Lack of infrastructure to support BEVs

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Advantages Can charge at home Recharge costs can be very low Ideal for short-range commuters

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Cost Initial costs tend to be higher than ICE models Some federal and state tax credits available Decreased maintenance costs

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disadvantages Limited driving range Long recharge times Recharge locations

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Energy and Power Electric motors and batteries are rated in watts One kW equals 1.34 hp 746 watts equal 1 hp 1 kW hour is 1 kW acting for 1 hour

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Energy and Power (Cont.) Traction motors are either AC or DC Most BEVs use AC motors Many fuel cell electric vehicles use DC motors since fuel cells produce DC voltage

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electric Motor In most BEVs, the electric motor drives the differential gears Instant torque is available Peak torque available up to around 6000 rpm No need for a reverse gear Not needing a transmission saves weight

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Controller Controls the voltage and current to the electric motor Motor speed controlled through pulse-width modulation

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Inverter/Converter An inverter turns the battery’s DC voltage into three-phase AC for the motor Often liquid cooled

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Battery Charging Charger may be internal or external Internal may be 120 or 240-volts External may have high voltages and shorter charge times

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nissan Leaf Onboard Charging

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Charger to Vehicle Connections Conductive plug – Typically either 120- or 240 volts – Plug design and fault detecting per SAE Inductive charging – Using magnetic induction – No metal-to-metal contact

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Conductive Charging Physical connection between charger and vehicle Data exchanged between both Different types external chargers available

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Recharging Standards and Regulations SAE J1772 Incorporates both AC and DC charging Level 1 up to 80 amps Level 2 up to 200 amps

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CHAdeMO Protocol Short for “charge and move” Used for DC fast charging A vehicle may have both CHAdeMO and SAE plugs

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Charging Precautions Each EV has specific charging procedures Three primary factors that affect recharge time – Battery state of charge – Battery chemical composition – Type of charger

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knowledge Check What are two methods for recharging an EV?

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Accessories Most systems operate the same as a non-EV Power steering and brake systems require additional electric motors to supply assist All electrical accessories deplete the battery

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. HVAC Passenger compartment heating and windshield defrosting are required An auxiliary heating system is necessary The A/C compressor uses a high-voltage motor

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Power Brakes May use electric vacuum pump to generate vacuum for power assist May use electric pump to generate hydraulic pressure

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Power Steering An electric motor is used to provide assist System can be programmed for different amounts of assist based on driving conditions

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Driving a BEV Driving is similar to non- BEV vehicles Driver needs to remain aware of range Turning on accessories drains power and reduces range

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Driving and Braking Can only be shifted from power on and brake applied B or R setting for regen braking This puts the vehicle into a more aggressive MG braking mode to recapture energy

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ford Focus Has a 23 kWh Li-Ion battery pack 107 kW motor 100 mile range Has onboard 6.6 kWh Level 2 charger

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nissan Leaf Has a 24 kWh Li-Ion battery pack 80 kW motor EPA rated for 73 miles Includes a Level 1 charger Produces car sounds for pedestrians

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mitsubishi I-MIEV Has a 16 kWh Li-Ion battery Water cooled 49 kW motor Estimated driving range is 98 miles Has three driving modes – D for normal driving – Eco for reduced power but increases range – B for more aggressive regenerative braking

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tesla An independent manufacturer First vehicle was the Roadster Currently producing the Model S Building charging stations in different parts of the U.S

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Honda Fit EV Has a 20 kWh Li-Ion battery pack Includes a 6.6 kWh Level 2 onboard charger Braking almost entirely regenerative

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Possibilities Audi e-tron Mini E BMW ActiveE Toyota RAV4 EV Smart ED Chevy Spark EV Subaru R1e Electric Car Hyundai EV

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Diagnosis Each manufacturer have unique and complex electronics Follow the manufacturer’s checklists

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Precautions Remember the high- voltage system Follow all manufacturers service precautions and guidelines

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reduced Range Check for same types of issues that can affect fuel economy – Correct tire size and pressure – Extra weight in cargo areas – Make sure the brakes are functioning properly – Inspect the underside of the vehicle

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles FCEVs have electric motors A fuel cell generates electricity for the motor and/or battery May use hydrogen or other fuel as the energy source Pure water and heat are the only emissions

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Honda’s FCX Clarity

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Practicality of FCEVs Lack of hydrogen infrastructure High storage pressures Fuel cell cost Too quiet Advanced electronics Cold temperatures can damage a fuel cell Heat must be carefully controlled

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. In-Vehicle Storage

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. In-Vehicle Storage (Cont.) Hydrogen can be stored as a liquid or compressed gas Liquid storage requires very cold temps Compressed gas storage requires very high pressures Both types add cost and weight to the vehicle

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reformers A reformer extracts hydrogen from another source Reforming produces unwanted emissions Reformers are expensive

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fuel Cells

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fuel Cells (Cont.) Produces electricity electrochemically Each cell produces very low voltage Cells are stacked to increase voltage

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fuel Cells

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. FCEV Configurations

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Controls Motor control is similar to that used in HEVs FCEVs use a DC-DC converter to reduce high-voltage No inverter needed unless traction motor uses AC

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Temperature Concerns Cold fuel cells need time to warm up to be used Freezing temperatures can damage a fuel cell All water must be removed after the fuel cell is shut down Excessive heat must be controlled and removed

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knowledge Check What are two current disadvantages for FCEVs?

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Fuel Cells Proton exchange membrane (PEM) Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) Direct-methanol fuel cell (DMFC) Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Prototype FCEVs Everyday use is still years away Several FCEVs prototypes are current on the road Honda currently leases the FCX Clarity in select markets

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Toyota FCV Concept

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Toyota FCHV Concept