Jacksonian America, I). Democratizing America? II). Religious Fervor III). Rise of Andrew Jackson IV). Indian Policy V). Political Parties

Things to consider Expansion & reduction of democracy Deepening of slavery Role of government in economic, social, cultural, national life Mass political movements Religion and politics Indian sovereignty & U.S. democracy

Democratizing America? -No property -Popular election of officials -Non-farming groups -Voters chose electors & Pres -All white male political equality

Reducing Democracy -Citizen defined practically as white and male -Women lacked voting rights: treated as male property, no legal status -Increased oppression of blacks *Growth of slave codes *Punishment against free blacks *Racial inferiorities “biological” *Slave rebellions

The Rise of Andrew Jackson -b.1767: humble birth -Western lawyer -Scots-Irish, farmer -War hero -Indian fighter “Jacksonian Democrats”

The Politics of Image -Vote for the party, the policies, the person, or the perception? -“Populist” image -Emotionalism -Mass politics/parties -Communication & organization

Election of 1828

Jackson’s Inauguration Party

Jackson Presidency, Image of anti- elitism, big gov’t, North East -Rejected Nat’l Bank & “American Plan” -Spoils System -Pay back supporters

Religious Democracy, 1839

Second Great Awakening I). Methodists & Baptists A. Rural & West B. “Choose salvation” C. Pop culture D. Reformist  1830s Lorenzo Dow

Democratizing religion -Outlet for women -Church attendance -African Americans -Emotionalism and evangelicalism -American Political System -Slavery & women’s rights

African American Religion J.L. Kimmel, 1935

Jackson and the Indians I). Eastern Indians after 1812 II). “Five Civilized Tribes” III). Georgia IV). Indian Removal Act V). Resistance VI). Trail of Tears

Indian Nations after British eliminated -Tecumseh defeated -Treaties and land -125,000 Natives -Conflict with states -Assimilation? -Extermination? -Removal?

“Five Civilized Tribes” Cherokee Choctaw Chickasaw Creek Seminole  William McIntosh

Cherokee Nation Constitution Dictionary Cherokee Phoenix Bilingual Schools & churches Sequoyah 

Georgia and the Cherokee GA ignored 1827 constitution Jurisdiction over tribe Farm land Barred from court Gold, 1829

Indian Removal Act, 1830 Jackson disliked federal-Indian relations Did not want to void treaties “Save” the Indians from harm East of the Mississippi River Open land for white farmers

Resistance to Removal, Cherokee v. Georgia -Tribe sued Georgia -Are Cherokees a foreign nation? -“Domestic dependent nations” -Indians and federal gov’t Worcester v. Georgia -Rev. Samuel Worcester -GA arrested him -Sued GA, won in Court -States lack power on res.

Chief Justice John Marshall “…one of the great constitutional crises in the history of the nation.” Jackson Ignored Marshall

Cherokee Removal Chief John Ross Opposed removal 16,000 signatures Wife died on Trail of Tears Chief until 1860s

Trail of Tears 1838: ¼ Died on trip No compensation for property Cold, hunger, disease Some refused to go, remain in GA, NC, TN

Indian Removal

More Removal to Indian Territory

Conclusions re: Indian affairs 1840s Indian Affairs shift to Plains Most Natives relocated east of Miss. Seminole Wars in Florida Indian Nations above states Direct relations with federal gov’t.

Conclusions for Jacksonian America Mass politics Growth and decline of democracy Religious revivalism Importance of Race Indian removal and resistance