Linda Noson AGRA Earth & Environmental (425) Nonstructural Protection Guide for Schools and

Nonstructural Protection Guide: Purpose %Improve the safety of the school community %Provide a tool for District Staff and School Site Teams for developing, implementing, and maintaining a school nonstructural protection program

Learning Objectives %Recognize the potential for earthquake- induced damage to WA schools %Identify nonstructural building elements %Visualize the potential impacts of damaged nonstructural elements %Evaluate and select nonstructural protective measures %Take action RIVET

Why protect nonstructural elements from earthquakes? %Casualties and building closures may result from nonstructural damage even when structural damage is absent or slight %Low levels of earthquake shaking can severely damage nonstructural elements %Costs to repair nonstructural damage may equal building replacement costs

Nonstructural Protection Guide %Section A ›Background Information %Section B ›Inventory Process %Section C ›Protective Measures

Section A Background Information Earthquake Threat Nonstructural Elements Definition Earthquake Damage Nonstructural Protection Program

Earthquakes damaged Washington schools in the past and will in the future 90% of all earthquakes occur at the boundaries of slowing moving slabs of rock, called plates Three plates interact in the Pacific Northwest and B.C. Graphic: Garry Rogers, PGC, Canada

Earthquake Source Zones North America Plate Pacific Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Maximum size earthquake for each Zone: Zone 1 - Deep Magnitude 7.5 Zone 2 - Shallow Magnitude 7+ Zone 3 Cascadia Subduction Zone Magnitude (Graphic: Garry Rogers, Pacific Geoscience Centre, Canada)

Notable Washington Earthquakes Zone (1) - Deep, Puget Sound %1949 Olympia M=7.1 MMI = VIII Total State loss $ million WA School loss $60 million 30 closed temporarily 10 permanently %Seattle Schools $28 million loss 21 schools damaged 5 closed temporarily 3 permanently %1965 Seattle-Tacoma M=6.5 MMI = VII Total State loss $60 million %Seattle schools 8 closed temporarily 2 damaged severely KAll losses in 1998 dollars KMMI = Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (I-XII) KM = Magnitude

Zone 1 - Deep Earthquakes Maximum magnitude = 7.5 (1949: M = 7.1) Castle Rock High School 1949Lafayette School, Seattle 1949

Zone 2 - Shallow Earthquakes Maximum magnitude ~ 7 Olympia Seattle Fault Up Up Up Up Down Tacoma Up Down Seattle Fault - recent small earthquakes

Zone 3 - Cascadia Subduction Zone Maximum magnitude = 9 Tsunamis Sands Old marsh Last subduction zone earthquake January 26, 1700 Top of new march

Nonstructural Elements %Definition of nonstructural elements %Causes of nonstructural damage %Benefits of nonstructural protection %Limitations of nonstructural guide  Risk Control Program

Nonstructural Elements Supports building use and enhances appearance: Architectural Mechanical Electrical Furniture & Equip. Hazardous Materials Structural Elements Prevents building collapse under gravity, wind, earthquake, and other forces Graphic: Federal Emergency Management Agency

Causes of nonstructural damage Imposed Deformation Distortion of window frame shattering windows Distortion of suspended ceiling causing recessed lights to fall Photos: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

Causes of nonstructural damage Imposed Deformation Door jammed shut by distortion of wall. Victim accessed through wall. Photo: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

Causes of nonstructural damage Overturning Photos: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

Causes of nonstructural damage Sliding and Falling Science Equipment Mixing of hazardous chemicals Photos: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

Causes of nonstructural damage Swaying and falling Photos: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

Causes of nonstructural damage Pounding %Collision between two buildings or two building wings %Damage to structural and nonstructural elements intensified where buildings or building sections join %Nonstructural damage piping wiring wall finishes

Nonstructural Program Benefits %Earthquake safety reduces casualties improves exit safety accelerates recovery %Safety & Security reduces theft promotes team work improves normal operational safety

Guide Limitations %Protective measures cannot guarantee safe performance %Specialized expertise will be required for some elements %Available resources inadequate to eliminate all hazards

Failure of Reinforced and Braced Masonry Chimneys Photos: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

Risk Control Program %Preparedness A capability to respond and recover to emergencies Planning Training Emergency supplies Actions initiated by emergency Drop, cover and hold %Prevention and Mitigation Reduce damage and injuries by making the physical environment more hazard resistant Actions completed prior to earthquake emergency Nonstructural retrofit