Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity Unit Four Chapter 13 APES Mrs. Dow

A Biological Rollercoaster Ride in Lake Victoria SUDAN ETHIOPIA AFRICA KENYA LAKE VICTORIA BURUNDI ZAIRE TANZANIA A Biological Rollercoaster Ride in Lake Victoria

East Africa World’s 2nd largest freshwater lake Until the late 1980 it had more than 500 endemic species of fish 80% cichlids- small algae eating fish Since 1980 some 200 cichlid species have become extinct Nile perch was deliberately introduced during the 50’s & 60’s to stimulate fishing industry Frequent alga blooms Water hyacinth invaded and rapidly took over Nile perch is now being overfished

Aquatic Biodiversity 13.1 Oceans cover 71% of Earth surface Only explored 5% of the earth’s global oceans U.S. coastal waters in trouble Pass National Ocean Policy Act Protects, sustains, restores the living oceans Double federal budget for ocean research Fisheries management Marine reserves for breeding

Marine Biodiversity Cobia Hogfish Kelp Carrageen Pacific sailfish Moray Yellow jack Red snapper Red algae Batfish Bladder kelp Striped drum Angelfish Chinook salmon Sea lettuce Orange roughy Devilfish Porcupine fish Great barracuda Laminaria Sockeye salmon Marine Biodiversity Grouper Chilean sea bass Dulse

Freshwater Biodiversity Brook trout White waterlily Bluegill White bass Bulrush Muskellunge Rainbow trout Rainbow darter Water lettuce Bowfish Water hyacinth Bladderwort Largemouth black bass Black crappie White sturgeon  Yellow perch Velvet cichlid American smelt Walleyed pike Eelgrass Longnose gar Duckweed Common piranha Carp Freshwater Biodiversity Egyptian white lotus Channel catfish African lungfish

Marine (ocean) biodiversity Coral reefs & deep-sea (greatest) Greater near coasts (habitats, producers) Lowest diversity in middle (no habitat) Source of protein Seaweed (cosmetics, pharmaceuticals) Antibiotics/anticancer

Human impacts 13.2 Greatest threat (loss & degradation of habitat) ½ worlds coasts lost in last century Coral reefs severely damaged >33% mangrove swamps gone Dredging destroying habitats ¾ marine species over fished

Overfishing Leads to commercial extinction Industrialized 90% loss of large, open sea fish Faster-growing varieties @ top of trophic level taken 1/3 fish caught are bycatch

Purple loosestrife Present Not present No data

Freshwater animals are disappearing 5x faster than land animals Seahorse used in Chinese medicine Nonnative threat Displace native; arrive in ship ballast Asian eel- invaded waterways of South FL Purple loosestrife imported as a ornamnetal plant

Protecting Marine Environments 13.3 Difficult Coastal development; inputs of sediment, waste Hard to visualize damage False sense that large size of ocean prevents damage Deemed “tragedy of commons”

Bowhead whale Bowhead whale Humpback whale Bowhead whale Northern right whale Bowhead whale Northern right whale Fin whale Saimaa seal Hawksbill turtle Mediterranean monk seal Kemp's ridley turtle Japanese sea lion Hawksbill turtle Fin whale Humpback whale Hawksbill turtle Olive ridley turtle Leatherback turtle Olive ridley turtle Hawaiian monk seal Green turtle Olive ridley turtle Green turtle Leatherback turtle Leatherback turtle Leatherback turtle Humpback whale Green turtle Hawksbill turtle Green turtle Humpback whale Hawksbill turtle Hawksbill turtle Humpback whale Leatherback turtle Fin whale Fin whale Whale Turtle Seal Sea lion

Species of Sea Turtles Olive ridley 76 centimeters Australian flatback Loggerhead 119 centimeters Hawksbill 89 centimeters Black turtle 99 centimeters Green turtle 124 centimeters Leatherback 188 centimeters Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters Of the seven species of sea turtles, six are found in U.S. waters: green, hawksbill, Kemp's ridley, leatherback, loggerhead, and olive ridley. All 7 species of marine turtles are listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA); 6 of those species fall under the jurisdiction of the NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. All are endangered except loggerheads are threatened Species of Sea Turtles

To protect endangered marine species Identify & protect endangered/threatened species Prevent pollution Educate public CITES of 1975 1979 Global treaty on Migratory Species U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 - U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 U.S. Whale Conservation & Protection Act (1976) International Convention on Biological Diversity (1995) The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 banned the hunting of marine mammals in U.S. waters. The main objective of the MMPA is to maintain the stability of marine mammal populations and marine ecosystems.

Odontocetes (Toothed Whales) Atlantic white-sided dolphin Common dolphin Harbor porpoise Killer whale Bottlenose dolphin Beluga whale False killer whale Cuvier's beaked whale Pilot whale Narwhal Pygmy sperm whale Sperm whale Certain whale species, including six baleen whales and four toothed whales, are also protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) /sperm whale - endangered Baird's beaked whale Squid 5 10 15 20 25 30m 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100ft Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)

Mysticetes (Baleen Whales) Humpback whale Bowhead whale Minke whale Right whale Blue whale northern right whale 500-1,000 endangered / bowhead whale 8,000 endangered / blue whale 10,000-14,000 endangered /fin whale 120,000-150,000 endangered / sei whale 50,000 endangered / humpback whale 10,000+ endangered One success story features the California gray whale, twice hunted to the brink of extinction during peak whaling years. Legally protected since 1946, gray whales have made an astonishing comeback. Gray whales currently number about 21,000, an estimate scientists believe matches the pre-whaling population. California gray whales were removed from the Endangered Species List in 1993. Fin whale Feeding on krill Sei whale Gray whale Mysticetes (Baleen Whales)

Whales Commercial whaling banned in 1970 Easy targets 8 of 11 driven to commercial extinction Alaska natives are exempt Blue whale to edge of extinction 10,000 left; low birth rate International Whaling Commission (1946) Sets quota for harvesting the United States, whaling is carried out by Alaska natives from nine different communities in Alaska. The whaling program is managed by the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission which reports to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The hunt takes around 50 bowhead whales a year from a population of about 10,500 in Alaskan waters.

Nations have 12 miles off coast to harvest Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 200 miles from shore 90 marine reserves in world

Integrated coastal management Find cost-effective was to preserve biodiversity

U.S. banned all whaling (1970) Japan, Norway, Iceland, Russia want ban repelled

Managing & sustaining 13.4 Better way to project fish populations Hard to measure Based on unreliable catch figures Quotas are hard to enforce Mediterranean Sea has limited management

Suggestions Central gvt sets quotas Individual transfer quotas (ITQs) Assigned to each fisherman Limits bought, sold, leased

Wetlands 13.5 Critical for aquatic biodiversity Law permits fill or dredges Everglades National Park 90% wading birds gone Saltier & warmer (lack of water flow) Large algal blooms

( ) Kissimmee River Channelized Unchannelized FLORIDA Lake Okeechobee West Palm Beach Fort Myers GULF OF MEXICO Naples Fort Lauderdale Agricultural area Treatment marsh Water conservation area Miami Canal Everglades National Park ATLANTIC OCEAN FLORIDA Key Largo Florida Bay Area of detail miles kilometers 20 40 60

Restoring the Florida Everglades U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Restoring flow of Kissimmee River Removing canals south of Lake Okeechobee Allow farmland to become marshes Create reservoirs, canals, pumping stations

Restoring lakes & rivers 13.6 Great Lakes 162 nonnative species Sea lampreys (reduce sport fish) Zebra mussels (displaced native mussels; clogged pipes; fouled beaches)

Columbia River-North America’s 4th largest river Altered by 119 dams; withdrawal of water for ag Salmon need to return to spawning grounds Salmon provide food; fertilizer for trees Lack of trees makes water too warm 9 species of Salmon are endangered or threatened Northwest Power Act (1980) Provide power & restore salmon The Act addresses the impact on fish and wildlife of hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River. The Act establishes the Pacific Northwest Electric Power and Conservation Planning Council and directs the Council to adopt a regional energy conservation and electric power plan and a program to protect, mitigate and enhance fish and wildlife on the Columbia River and its tributaries. The Act also sets forth provisions the Administrator must follow in selling power, acquiring resources, implementing energy conservation measures, and setting rates for the sale and disposition of electric energy

Figure 13-13 Page 268

Modified Life Cycle Normal Life Cycle Human capture Fish change form Salmon processing plant Eggs are taken from adult females and fertilized with sperm “milked” from males Modified Life Cycle To hatchery Fish change form Human capture Fish enter rivers and head for spawning areas In the fall spawning salmon deposit eggs in gravel nests and die Normal Life Cycle Fry hatch in the spring... Grow to maturity in Pacific Ocean in 1-2 years Eggs and young are cared for in the hatchery And grow in the stream for 1-2 years Grow to smolt and enter the ocean... Fingerlings are released into river Fingerlings migrate downstream

Sustainable management for freshwater Regulate fishing; # & size taken Improve habitats, breed genetically strong fish Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968) Protect rivers National Wild and Scenic Rivers System was created by Congress in 1968 (Public Law 90-542; 16 U.S.C. 1271 et seq.) to preserve certain rivers with outstanding natural, cultural, and recreational values in a free-flowing condition for the enjoyment of present and future generations. The Act is notable for safeguarding the special character of these rivers, while also recognizing the potential for their appropriate use and development. It encourages river management that crosses political boundaries and promotes public participation in developing goals for river protection