1 Chapter 4 Overview of Security Types Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson

2 Price quotes for all types of investments are easy to find, but what do they mean? Learn the answers for: 1. Various types of interest-bearing assets. 2. Equity securities. 3. Futures contracts. 4. Option contracts. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Learning Objectives

3 Our goal in this chapter is to introduce the different types of securities that investors routinely buy and sell in financial markets around the world. For each security type, we will examine: Its distinguishing characteristics Its potential gains and losses How its prices are quoted in the financial press. Security Types Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson

4 Basic TypesMajor Subtypes Interest-bearing Money market instruments Fixed-income securities Equities Common stock Preferred stock Derivatives Futures Options Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Classifying Securities

5 Money market instruments are short-term debt obligations of large corporations and governments. These securities promise to make one future payment. When they are issued, their lives are less than one year. Fixed-income securities are longer-term debt obligations of corporations and governments. These securities promise to make fixed payments according to a pre- set schedule. When they are issued, their lives exceed one year. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Interest Bearing Assets

6 Examples: U.S. Treasury bills (T-bills), bank certificates of deposit (CDs), corporate and municipal money market instruments. Potential gains/losses: A known future payment, except when the borrower defaults (i.e., does not pay). Price quotations: Usually, the instruments are sold on a discount basis, and only the interest rates are quoted. Therefore, investors must be able to calculate prices from the quoted rates. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Money Market Instruments

7 Examples: Treasury notes, corporate bonds, car loans, student loans. Potential gains/losses: Fixed coupon payments and final payment at maturity, except when the borrower defaults. Possibility of gain (loss) from fall (rise) in interest rates Depending on the debt issue, illiquidity can be a problem. Illiquidity means that you might not be able to sell securities quickly for their current market value. Fixed Income Securities Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson

8 Price Quotations from online version of The Wall Street Journal (some columns are self-explanatory): You will receive 2.20% of the bond’s face value each year in 2 semi-annual payments. The price (per $100 face) of the bond when it last traded. The Yield to Maturity (YTM) of the bond. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Quote Example: Fixed Income Securities

9 Common stock: Represents ownership in a corporation. A part owner receives a pro rated share of whatever is left over after all obligations have been met in the event of a liquidation. Preferred stock: The dividend is usually fixed and must be paid before any dividends for the common shareholders. In the event of a liquidation, preferred shares have a particular face value. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Equities

10 Examples: RIM shares, Microsoft shares, Tim Horton's shares, Dell shares, etc. Potential gains/losses: Many companies pay cash dividends to their shareholders. However, neither the timing nor the amount of any dividend is guaranteed. The stock value may rise or fall depending on the prospects for the company and market-wide circumstances. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Common Stock

11 Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Common Stock Price Quotes

12 First, enter symbol. Resulting Screen Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Common Stock Price Quotes Online at

13 Information is a bit harder to find for preferred stock versus common stock. Example: Bank of America (BAC) preferred stock Find all the BAC preferred stock issues via a Google search—one source is: quantumonline.com. quantumonline.com One issue has a ticker of: BAC-J (BAC-PJ is its symbol at Yahoo!) Potential gains/losses: Dividends are “promised.” However, there is no legal requirement that the dividends be paid, as long as no common dividends are distributed. The stock value may rise or fall depending on the prospects for the company and market-wide circumstances. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Preferred Stock

14 Primary asset: Security originally sold by a business or government to raise money. Derivative asset: A financial asset that is derived from an existing traded asset, rather than issued by a business or government to raise capital. More generally, any financial asset that is not a primary asset. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Derivatives

15 Futures contract: An agreement made today regarding the terms of a trade that will take place later. Option contract: An agreement that gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific asset at a specified price for a set period of time. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Derivatives

16 Examples: financial futures (i.e., TSX/S&P, S&P 500, T-bonds, foreign currencies, and others), commodity futures (i.e., wheat, crude oil, cattle, and others). Potential gains/losses: At maturity, you gain if your contracted price is better than the market price of the underlying asset, and vice versa. If you sell your contract before its maturity, you may gain or lose depending on the market price for the contract. Note that enormous gains and losses are possible. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Futures Contracts

17 Source: Markets Data Center at Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Futures Contracts: Online Price Quotes

18 Source: Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Futures Price Quotes Online

19 A call option gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy something, while a put option gives the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell something. The “something” can be an asset, a commodity, or an index. The price you pay today to buy an option is called the option premium. The specified price at which the underlying asset can be bought or sold is called the strike price, or exercise price. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Options Contracts

20 An American option can be exercised anytime up to and including the expiration date, while a European option can be exercised only on the expiration date. Options differ from futures in two main ways: Holders of call options have no obligation to buy the underlying asset. Holders of put options have no obligation to sell the underlying asset. To avoid this obligation, buyers of calls and puts must pay a price today. Holders of futures contracts do not pay for the contract today. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Options Contracts

21 Potential gains and losses from call options: Buyers: Profit when the market price minus the strike price is greater than the option premium. Best case, theoretically unlimited profits. Worst case, the call buyer loses the entire premium. Sellers: Profit when the market price minus the strike price is less than the option premium. Best case, the call seller collects the entire premium. Worst case, theoretically unlimited losses. Note that, for buyers, losses are limited, but gains are not. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Options Contracts

22 Potential gains and losses from put options: Buyers: Profit when the strike price minus the market price is greater than the option premium. Best case, market price (for the underlying) is zero. Worst case, the put buyer loses the entire premium. Sellers: Profit when the strike price minus the market price is less than the option premium. Best case, the put seller collects the entire premium. Worst case, market price (for the underlying) is zero. Note that, for buyers and sellers, gains and losses are limited. Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Options Contracts

23 Source: Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Options Contracts: Online Price Quotes for Nike (NKE) Options

24 Stocks: Suppose you have $10,000 for investments. Macron Technology is selling at $50 per share. Number of shares bought = $10,000 / $50 = 200 If Macron is selling for $55 per share 3 months later, gain = ($55  200) - $10,000 = $1,000 If Macron is selling for $45 per share 3 months later, gain = ($45  200) - $10,000 = -$1,000 Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Investing in Stocks versus Options

25 Options: A call option with a $50 strike price and 3 months to maturity is also available at a premium of $4. Traded option contracts are on a bundle of 100 shares. One call contract costs $4  100 = $400, so number of contracts bought = $10,000 / $400 = 25 (for 25  100 = 2,500 shares) If Macron is selling for $55 per share 3 months later, gain = {($55 – $50)  2,500} - $10,000 = $2,500 If Macron is selling for $45 per share 3 months later, loss = ($0  2,500) – $10,000 = -$10,000 Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Investing in Stocks versus Options

26 (Montreal Exchange) (current corporate bond prices) (bond basics) (learn more about TRACE) (Are you a “Foolish investor”?) (reproduction stock tickers) (CME Group) (Chicago Board Options Exchange) finance.yahoo.comfinance.yahoo.com (prices for option chains) (online version of The Wall Street Journal) Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Useful Internet Sites

27 Classifying Securities Interest-Bearing Assets Money Market Instruments Fixed-Income Securities Equities Common Stock Preferred Stock Common and Preferred Stock Price Quotes Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chapter Review

28 Derivatives Futures Contracts Futures Price Quotes Gains and Losses on Futures Contracts Option Contracts Option Terminology Options versus Futures Option Price Quotes Gains and Losses on Option Contracts Investing in Stocks versus Options Ayşe Yüce – Ryerson University Copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chapter Review