May 9, 2013 A woman previously diagnosed with a psychological disorder was caught on videotape stealing a police car. The police officers used restrain, even after she threatened them with what appeared to be a weapon, and took her into custody unharmed. After the incident, her husband appealed to lawmakers to change the law that allows someone who has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder to refuse treatment. The woman’s family believed that the incident could have been avoided if they had been allowed to admit her psychiatric care.  Your Question to answer on a sheet of paper Should the laws be changed? Under what circumstances should someone’s caregivers be able to force treatment?

What are Psychological Disorders - Intro story page 447  Difficult to draw a line between normal and abnormal behavior  Just because a person is different does not necessarily mean that he or she is suffering from mental illness

Defining and identifying psychological Disorders  Popular ways of drawing the line between normal and abnormal behavior Deviation from Normality ○ Whatever most people do is the norm therefore any deviation is abnormal ○ Majority is not always right or best Adjustment ○ Normal people are able to get along in the world – physically, emotionally, and socially When psychological problems become severe enough to disrupt everyday life it is thought of as an abnormality or illness

The Problem of Classification  Psychological problems cannot be categorized the same way that physical illnesses can  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 1. Essential Features – characteristics that define the disorder 2. Associated Features – Additional features 3. Differential Diagnosis – how to distinguish this disorder from other disorders 4. Diagnostic Criteria – List of symptoms

The Problem of Classification  DSM-IV Often a person shows more than one disorder or may be experiencing other stresses that complicate the diagnosis Axes – each axis reflects a different aspect of a patient’s case ○ Axis I – classify current symptoms into defined categories ○ Axis II – Describe developmental disorders and long standing personality disorders or traits such as compulsiveness, over-dependency, or aggressiveness

The Problem of Classification  Axis III – describe physical disorders or general medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or caring for the person  Axis IV – measurement of the current stress level at which the person is functioning  Axis V – describes the highest level of adaptive functioning present within the past year

Anxiety Disorders  Anxiety is a general state of dread or uneasiness that a person feels in response to real or imagined danger  Anxious people have difficulty forming stable and satisfying relationships

Generalized Anxiety Disorder  Anxiety can develop into a full fledged panic attack Choking sensations, chest pains, dizziness, trembling, and hot flashes  People become so preoccupied with internal problems they neglect social relationships and have trouble dealing with family and friends

Generalized Anxiety Disorder  Why are people anxious? Some theorists stress the role of learning ○ Example: If a man feels very anxious on a date and the thought of another date makes him nervous he learns to avoid dates and never unlearns the behavior Environmental Factors ○ Unpredictable traumatic experiences in childhood can allow people to develop an anxiety disorder

Phobic Disorder  Phobia – when severe anxiety is focused on a particular object, animal, activity, or situation that seems out of proportion to the real dangers involved  Phobic individuals develop elaborate plans to avoid the situation  Phobias range from mild to extremely severe  One form of treatment is to provide opportunities for the phobic person to experience the feared object under SAFE conditions

Phobia Poster!!!! YAY!  Pick a Phobia – any phobia will do Phobialist.com  REQUIREMENTS FOR POSTER Define the phobia Symptoms of the phobia Impacts of the phobia – socially, privately etc. Visual Representation of the phobia Steps to overcome the phobia

Panic Disorder  Panic Disorder – extreme anxiety that shows itself in the form of panic attacks Panic Attacks ○ Victims experience sudden and unexplainable attacks of intense anxiety ○ Feel that doom is inevitable and he or she is about to die ○ Sense of smothering, choking, difficulty breathing, dizziness, nausea and chest pains ○ Last a few minutes but occur with no warning

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  Obsession – uncontrollable pattern of thoughts  Compulsions – repeatedly perform coping behaviors  Obsessive – Compulsive Disorder – puts obsessions and compulsions together

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders  When is it a problem? When thoughts and activities interfere with what a person wants and needs to do

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  PTSD – person who has experienced a traumatic event feels severe and long-lasting aftereffects May begin immediately or develop later Involuntary flashbacks or recurring nightmares Not everyone who experiences traumatic events experience PTSD

Somatoform Disorders  Conversion Disorders Conversion of emotional difficulties into the loss of a specific physiological function ○ Can result in a real and prolonged handicap: person literally cannot feel or move anything

Somatoform Disorders  Hypochondriasis – a person who is in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments

Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Disorder – significant breakdown in a person’s normal conscious experience – loss of memory or identity

Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Amnesia – attempt to escape from problems by blotting them out completely Often results from a traumatic event

Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Fugue – amnesia is coupled with active flight to a different environment Example: A Woman may suddenly disappear and wake up three days later in a restaurant 200 miles from home ○ She may repress all knowledge of a previous life ○ May last a few days or for decades

Dissociative Disorders  Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality disorder) Eve White – 22 personalities Sybil – 16 personalities These cases are extremely rare and controversial ○ People diagnosed with this disorder usually suffered from severe physical. Psychological, or sexual abuse ○ Learned to dissociate themselves from stressful events by forgetting them

Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders  Schizophrenics have difficulty using language to communicate Will not remember the beginning of a sentence and then finish it with an unrelated thought  People with schizophrenia may withdraw from normal life and reach an irrational, fear-laden, and unimaginable ways that are difficult for others to understand

Schizophrenia  What is Schizophrenia? Problems with cognition but also emotions, perceptions and motor functions Affects 1 in 100 people in the world ○ 1 in 10 if schizophrenia runs in the family Involves confused and disordered thoughts and perceptions and the person has lost contact with reality There is no single cause or cure

Types of Schizophrenia  Paranoid Type Involves hallucinations and delusions  Catatonic Type Remain motionless for long periods  Disorganized Type Incoherent language, inappropriate emotions  Remission Type Symptoms are completely gone or still exist but are not severe enough

Causes of Schizophrenia  Many Theories  Biological Influences Genetics is involved Identical Twins – If one twin develops schizophrenia only 42% of the twin’s siblings will develop it 4 Identical Girls in 1930

Causes of Schizophrenia  Biochemistry and Physiology Too much or too little of certain chemicals in the brain Chemicals do play a role but it’s hard to tell if these chemicals are the cause of Schizophrenia or the result of it

Mood Disorders  We all experience mood swings  Major Depressive Disorder People spend at least two weeks feeling depressed, sad, anxious, fatigued and agitated Reduced ability to function and interact with others

Bipolar Disorder  Individuals are excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy Manic Phase – person has extreme confusion, distractibility and racing thoughts ○ People may behave as if they need less sleep and their activity level usually increases Depressive Phase – overcome with feelings of failure, sinfulness, worthlessness, and despair

Seasonal Affective Disorder  Develop a deep depression in the midst of winter Many of these people can be treated by sitting under bright fluorescent lights during the evening or early morning hours

Suicide and Depression  Not all people who commit suicide are depressed – not all depressed people attempt suicide  1 suicide occurs every 16 seconds  Women ATTEMPT suicide more than men but...  Men SUCCEED in suicide more than women

Personality Disorders  People generally do not suffer from acute anxiety nor do they behave in unexplainable ways

Antisocial Personality  Once referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths  Exhibit a persistent disregard for and violation of others’ rights  Treat people as objects – things used for gratification and then cast them aside  Getting caught doing something wrong does not seem to bother them  Guilt and anxiety have not place in their world

Drug Addiction  Psychological Dependence – Users depend so much on the feeling of well being they get from the drug they feel compelled to keep using the drug Alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana  Addiction – if the drug is not in the body the user will experience extreme physical discomfort  Withdrawals – state of physical and psychological upset in which the body and mind revolt against but eventually gets used to the absence of the drug