FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ovary-01

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  TO REVIEW THE COMPONENTS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  TO CHARACTERIZE THE GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE OVARIES  TO UNDERSTAND THE HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENESIS, OVULATION, AND THE UTERINE CYCLE ovary-03  TO IDENTIFY THE HISTOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIES  OVIDUCT (UTERINE TUBES)  UTERUS  VAGINA

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVIDUCT (UTERINE TUBES) INFUNDIBULUM, AMPULLA, ISTHMUS, UTERINE  UTERUS FUNDUS, BODY (CORPUS), CERVIX

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY GERMINAL EPITHELIUM TUNICA ALBUGINEA - thin connective tissue capsule underlying germinal epithelium CORTEX - surrounds the medulla and contains maturing follicles simple cuboidal epithelium lining the ovary (not germ cells) MEDULLA - central connective tissue containing vascular supply and nervous innervation

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY 3 to 5 million OOGONIA differentiate into PRIMARY OOCYTES during early development OOCYTES becomes surrounded by squamous (follicular) cells to become PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES most PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES undergo atresia leaving 400,000 at birth oocytes at birth arrested at Meiosis I (prophase)

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY THREE STAGES OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES CAN BE IDENTIFIED FOLLOWING PUBERTY: (each follicle contains one oocyte) OOGENESIS (1) PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES - very prevalent; located in the periphery of the cortex - a single layer of squamous follicular cells surround the oocyte (2) GROWING FOLLICLES - three recognizable stages: (a) early primary follicle (b) late primary follicle (c) secondary (antral) follicle (3) MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLES - follicle reaches maximum size

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIAN FOLLICLES (1) PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES (2) GROWING FOLLICLES (a) early primary follicle - follicular cells still unilaminar but now are cuboidal in appearance - oocyte begins to enlarge (b) late primary follicle - multilaminar follicular layer; cells now termed granulosa cells - zona pellucida appears; gel-like substance rich in GAGs - surrounding stromal cells differentiate into theca interna and theca externa (b) secondary (antral) follicle - cavities appear between granulosa cells forming an antrum - follicle continues to grow - formation of cumulus oophorus and corona radiata (3) MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLES

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIAN FOLLICLES late primary follicle

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARIAN FOLLICLES GRANULOSA (FOLLICULAR) CELLS OOCYTE ZONA PELLUCIDA

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY CORTEX MEDULLA ovary-01 CORPUS LUTEUM

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY CORTEX TUNICA ALBUGINEA ovary-04 GERMINAL EPITHELIUM PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY TUNICA ALBUGINEA ovary-05 GERMINAL EPITHELIUM

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY OVARY H&E PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES ovary-07 EARLY 1º

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY  OVARY OVARY H&E CORPUS ALBICANS EARLY PRIMARY FOLLICLES ovary-02 PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY LATE PRIMARY FOLLICLE multilaminar 1

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVARY MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLE zona pellucida cumulus oophorus corona radiata theca interna and externa theca interna cells begin to produce androgens that are converted to estrogens 2

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENSIS AND OVULATION HYPOTHALAMUS release of GnRF which stimulates release of LH and FSH from the adenohypophysis (ANTERIOR PITUITARY)

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENSIS AND OVULATION OVULATION FOLLICULAR PHASE LUTEAL PHASE 10-20 primordial follicles begin to develop in response to FSH and LH levels FSH and LH stimulate theca and granulosa production of estrogen and progesterone surge of LH induces ovulation theca and granulosa cells transform into the corpus luteum and secrete large amounts of progesterone if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates ... if fertilization does occur, HCG released from the embryo maintains corpus luteum ovary undergoes cyclic changes that include the follicular and luteal phase; with ovulation between the two phases increased levels of estrogens and progesterone make follicle independent of FSH

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF OOGENSIS AND OVULATION OVULATION: sharp surge in LH with simulataneous increase in FSH Meiosis I resumes; oocyte and surrounding cumulus break away and are extruded ova that fail to enter the oviduct usually degenerate in the peritoneal cavity. Occasionally, however, one of these may become fertilized and implant on the surface of the ovary, the intestine, or in the rectouterine pouch. Such ectopic implantations usually do not progress beyond early fetal stages but must be removed surgically. oocyte passes into oviduct ECTOPIC IMPLANTATIONS

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  CORPUS LUTEUM FORMED FROM FOLLICLE WALL WHICH REMAINS FOLLOWING OVULATION TRANSFORMED CELLS SECRETE ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE: (1) GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS - large, light cells derived from granulosa cells (2) THECA LUTEIN CELLS - strands of small cells derived from theca interna 4

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  CORPUS LUTEUM (1) GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS CORPUS LUTEUM H&E (2) THECA LUTEIN CELLS (1) (2) corpus luteum-02

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVIDUCT TRANSMITS OVA FROM OVARY TO UTERUS MEIOSIS II IN PROGRESS AND ULTIMATELY ARRESTS UNLESS FERTILIZED SITE OF FERTILIZATION MUCOSA EPITHELIUM AND LAMINA PROPRIA 5 MUSCULARIS INNER CIRCULAR; OUTER LONGITUDINAL INCREASES AS APPROACH UTERUS SEROSA

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  OVIDUCT SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM TWO CELL TYPES: (1) CILIATED (2) PEG CELLS (NONCILIATED) 6

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS PERIMETRIUM, MYOMETRIUM, ENDOMETRIUM

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS ENDOMETRIUM undergoes cyclic changes which prepare it for implantation of a fertilized ovum TWO LAYERS: (1) FUNCTIONAL LAYER (stratum functionalis) - BORDERS UTERINE LUMEN - SLOUGHED OFF AT MENSTRATION - CONTAINS UTERINE GLANDS spiral arteries constrict causing ischemia leading to sloughing off of functional layer. (2) BASAL LAYER (stratum basale) - RETAINED AT MENSTRATION - SOURCE OF CELLS FOR REGENERATION OF FUNCTIONAL LAYER STRAIGHT AND SPIRAL ARTERIES

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  HORMONAL REGULATION OF UTERINE CYCLE (1) PROLIFERATIVE PHASE concurrent with follicular maturation and influenced by estrogens (2) SECRETORY PHASE concurrent with luteal phase and influenced by progesterone (3) MENSTRUAL PHASE commences as hormone production by corpus luteum declines

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS PROLIFERATIVE PHASE cells in basal layer begin to proliferate to regenerate functional layer spiral arteries begin to lengthen and revascularize developing layer functional layer becomes thicker than basal layer during late proliferative phase 7 & 7b developing uterine glands are tubular in arrangement

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS PROLIFERATIVE PHASE tubular uterine glands simple columnar lining 8

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS PROLIFERATIVE PHASE UTERUS H&E PROLIFERATIVE PHASE tubular uterine glands simple columnar lining uterus-06 UTERINE GLANDS

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS SECRETORY PHASE functional layer thickens glands become coiled and accumulate large quantities of secretory product 7 & 7b secretory product rich in carbohydrate

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS UTERUS H&E SECRETORY PHASE SECRETORY PHASE functional layer thickens glands coiled COILED UTERINE GLANDS uterus-03

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  UTERUS SECRETORY PHASE functional layer thickens glands become coiled and accumulate large quantities of secretory product 8b

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  VAGINA MUCOSA STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM LAMINA PROPRIA ---------------- no glands ---------------- MUSCULARIS INNER CIRCULAR OUTER LONGITUDINAL ADVENTITIA

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  LABIA MINORUM LABIA MINORUM H&E labia minorum-01