Chapter 4 Opener

Figure 4.1 A testing booth set up for the head-turn preference paradigm

Box 4.1 Phonotactic constraints across languages

Figure 4.2 In this study, Saffran and colleagues prepared stimuli that amount to a miniature artificial language of four “words,” each word consisting of three consonant-vowel syllables

Figure 4.3 An adult cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), a species of Old World monkey

Figure 4.3 An adult cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), a species of Old World monkey (Part 1)

Figure 4.3 The mean percentage of trials for which the tamarins oriented to the stimulus by turning to look at the speaker (Part 2)

Figure 4.4 ERP activity at two recording sites (F3 and C3) shows enhanced negativity

Table 4.1 Examples of minimal word pairs

Figure 4.5 The human vocal tract, showing the various articulators

Figure 4.6 A chart of the consonant phonemes of Standard American English

Figure 4.7 Waveforms for the words bought (A) and pot (B)

Figure 4.8 A vowel chart, a graphic illustration of the features of vowels, including English vowels and vowels found in other languages

Figure 4.9 Is it a cup or a bowl?

Figure 4.10 Idealized graphs representing two distinct hypothetical results from a phoneme forced- choice identification task

Figure 4.10 Idealized graphs representing two distinct hypothetical results from a phoneme forced- choice identification task (Part 1)

Figure 4.10 Idealized graphs representing two distinct hypothetical results from a phoneme forced- choice identification task (Part 2)

Figure 4.11 Chinchillas are good choice for auditory studies because the chinchilla’s range of hearing (20–30 kHz) is close to that of humans

Figure 4.11 Chinchillas are good choice for auditory studies because the chinchilla’s range of hearing (20–30 kHz) is close to that of humans (Part 1)

Figure 4.11 Chinchillas are good choice for auditory studies because the chinchilla’s range of hearing (20–30 kHz) is close to that of humans (Part 2)