Reproductive System Reproductive System Chapter 19

Terminology  Gametes: germ cells, sex cells; made in gonads (ovary & testes)  Female = oocyte (ova, egg)  Male = spermatocyte (sperm)  Fertilization: union of 2 haploid (n) gametes resulting in a diploid (2n) cell; occurs in fallopian (uterine) tube  Gynecology: branch of science that deals with S/F/D of female reproductive system  Coitus: intercourse  Puberty: period when secondary sex characteristics develop; ~ 10 years old

Male Reproductive System  Testes  System of ducts  Supporting structures  Accessory sex glands  Hormones

Testes  Two  Enclosed in scrotum  Housed outside of the body  Must be kept below 98 degrees F for proper spermatozoa maturation  Contain seminiferous tubules where spermatozoa are made; called spermatogenesis  Produce male hormone testosterone

System of ducts  Epididymis: location of spermatozoa maturation; learn to swim here  Vas (ductus) deferens: store mature sperm  Ejaculatory duct: eject sperm into urethra  Urethra: passageway for urine and sperm to exit the body

Supporting Structures  Penis: contains urethra; prepuce (foreskin) is usually circumsized shortly after birth  Scrotum: holds testes and is responsible for movement toward and away from body

Accessory Sex Glands  Seminal vesicle: secretes a milky, basic solution high in fructose  Prostate gland: secretes a milky, basic solution  Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland: secretes a lubricating fluid *Together, these 3 glands make the fluid part of semen

Semen and Sperm  Semen  2 to 5 mL per ejaculation  ~120 million sperm per mL  Less than 20 million = infertile  Sperm (see p. 510)  Head with nucleus and acrosome: tip that contains enzyme to aid in penetration of egg  Midpiece with mitochondria  Flagellum (tail) for locomotion (motility)

Midpiece

Female Reproductive System  Ovaries  Fallopian tubes (oviduct, uterine tubes)  Uterus  Vagina  External genitalia (vulva)  Glands

Ovaries  Two  Housed in pelvic cavity  Produce oocytes (ova, egg); called oogenesis  Ovulation occurs here: ova rupturing from follicle.  Produce female hormones estrogen & progesterone

Fallopian (uterine) Tube  Two  Transport ova from ovary to uterus  Fringe on ends called fimbriae  Fertilization occurs here; zygote forms Fertilization occurs here; zygote forms Fertilization occurs here; zygote forms

Uterus  Also called the womb  ~ the size of a pear  Muscular organ with funnel-shaped end called the cervix  Site of menstruation, zygote implantation, fetal development  Removal of = hysterectomy

Vagina  Also called birth canal  Muscular canal  Receives penis during intercourse  Passageway for uterine lining during menstruation

External Genitalia  Also called vulva  Labia majora (outer, larger) with prepuce  Labia minora (inner, smaller) with clitoris (female erectile tissue)  Perineum: area between vagina and rectum in females; site of episiotomy (incision during childbirth)

Glands  Bartholini’s gland: produces mucus for lubrication  Mammary glands: located in breast tissue; function in lactation (milk production)

Ovulation & Menstruation  Ovulation: rupturing of a mature follicle to release ova into oviduct Ovulation  Occurs mid-cycle (ex: on day 14 of 28-day cycle)  Menstruation = Menses: shedding of uterine lining (endometrial tissue)  1 st cycle is called menarche  Cessation of cycle is called menopause

Planned Parenthood  Also called birth control (use of contraceptives)  Abstinence = only 100% reliable method  Coitus interruptus = withdrawal method  Rhythm method = intermittent abstinence  Surgical methods:  Male = vasectomy (cut the vas deferens)  Female = tubal ligation (cut & tie oviducts)

More planned parenthood  Mechanical Barriers:  Condom (male & female); diaphragm; cervical cap  Chemical Barriers:  Spermacides (jellies, creams, foams)  Intrauterine Devices:  Device inserted into the uterus; lasts 5-10 years  Hormonal Methods:  BC = birth control pill; daily  Depo Provera = injected; lasts for 3 months  Vaginal ring = inserted; lasts for month  Lunelle = injected; lasts for 1 month  Patch: = lasts for 1 month

BC pills Depo Provera Vaginal Ring

IUD Vaginal Pouch Male Condom

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) See p. 531, Table 19.4  AIDS (virus)  Genital warts (virus)  Chlamydia (bacteria)  Gonorrhea (bacteria)  Syphilis (bacteria)  Herpes (virus) Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) may result from STDs *Transmission most commonly occurs from unprotected intercourse or needle contamination.*