Khaleel Alyahya Monday December 7, 2009

Male Reproductive System 3 1.Primary reproductive organs: testes 2. Accessory reproductive structures (ducts or glands)  duct system: epididymis, ductus deferens and urethra.  accessory glands and semen: seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands.  external genitalia: scrotum and penis. Khaleel Alyahya, PhD

4  4 cm long, 2.5 cm wide.  Covered with fibrous connective tissue capsule, tunica albuginea.  The septa, extensions of tunica albuginea, separate the testis in lobules.  Each lobule contains 1 -4 coiled seminiferous tubules.  The seminiferous tubules make the sperms.  The seminiferous tubules are drained into a network called rete testis.  From rete testis the sperms go to the epididymis Testes

5Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Hormonal Control  The pituitary controls testis function by producing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).  FSH stimulates spermatogenesis, in part by affecting Sertoli cells.  LH stimulates androgen production by interstitial cells.  Pituitary production of these hormones depends on secretion of gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus.

6Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Epididymis  Comma-shaped, coiled tube, 6 m long  Place for storage and maturation of the sperms  Passage lasts 20 days  From the epididymis, the sperms go to the ductus deferens

7Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Ducts Deferens  Thick-walled muscular tube, which carries the sperms from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (a canal inside the prostate).  Enclosed inside a connective tissue sheath called the spermatic cord.  Runs from the scrotum, inside the inguinal canal, into the pelvis, over the superior surface and behind the urinary bladder

8Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Urethra  Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis.  Dual function: carries urine during urination and sperm during intercourse  Has three parts: prostatic urethra (inside the prostate) membranous urethra (from the prostate to the penis) spongy (penile) urethra (inside the penis)

9Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Seminal Vesicles  Located at the base of the bladder.  Their ducts join the ductus deferns to make the ejaculatory duct.  Produce 60% of the seminal fluid.  Their secretion provides nourishment to the sperms and activates them.

10Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Prostate  Single gland the size of a chestnut.  Located at the base of the bladder.  Encircles the prostatic urethra.  Its secretion activates the sperm.

11Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Bulbourethral Gland  Tiny, pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate  Produce thick mucus  Their secretion cleanses the urethra and serves as lubricant during intercourse

12Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Scrotum  A divided sac of skin hanging outside the abdominal cavity.  Keeps the testes at optimal temperature for the spermatogenesis.

13Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Penis  Cylindrical organ designed to deliver the sperm inside the female reproductive tract.  Consists of shaft and glans covered with skin.  The foreskin is a fold of skin covering the glans.

Female Reproductive Organs 15Khaleel Alyahya, PhD 1. Primary reproductive organs: ovaries. 2. Duct system: uterine tubes, uterus and vagina. 3. External genitalia (vulva): mons pubis, labia, clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices and greater vestibular glands.

16Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Ovaries  Paired organs in the shape and size of almonds  Contain follicles  Each follicle contains one oocyte surrounded by layers of follicle cells  Each mature (Graafian) follicle has an antrum (vesicular stage of maturation)  During ovulation, the developing egg is ejected from the ovary  After ovulation, the ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum  Ovulation occurs every 28 days

17Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Ovulation

18Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Ovaries  The ovaries are secured to the lateral walls of the pelvis by the suspensory ligaments  The ovarian ligaments attach the ovaries to the uterus.  The broad ligaments are folds of peritoneum covering the ovaries

19Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Uterine Tube  The uterine (fallopian) tubes receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization  Each tube is 10 cm long and extends from the ovary to the uterus  They are enclosed in the broad ligament  Their distal end expands in the funnel-shaped infundibulum which has finger-like projections (fimbriae)

20Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Uterus  Size and shape of a pear.  Located in the pelvis between the urinary bladder and the rectum  Receives, retains and nourishes the fertilized egg, accommodates the growing fetus  Attached to the pelvis by the broad, round and uterosacral ligaments

21Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Uterus  It has body, fundus and cervix  Its wall has three layers; the inner layer (endometrium) serves as place of implantation of the fertilized egg  The myometrium is the middle layer of the wall  It is made from smooth muscle and contracts during delivery  The outermost layer of the uterus (perimetrium) is serous and is made from the visceral peritoneum

22Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Vagina  Thin-walled tube, 8-10 cm long  Extends from the cervix of the uterus to the exterior  Located between the bladder and the rectum  Receives the penis and the semen during intercourse  It is a birth canal and provides an outflow for the menses  Its distal end isclosed by a thin fold of mucosa (hymen) which is ruptured during the first intercourse

23Khaleel Alyahya, PhD External Genitalia (Vulva)  Mons pubis is a fatty, rounded area covering the symphysis, covered with pubic hair  Labia majora are two elongated hair- covered folds  Labia minora a two delicate hair-free folds  The vestibule is an area including the external opening of the urethra and the vagina  The greater vestibular glands are two mucus-producing glands on each side of the vagina; they provide lubrication during intercourse  The clitoris is a small protruding structure, similar to the penis; it is excited during intercourse  The perineum is a diamond-shaped region between the mons pubis and the anus.

24Khaleel Alyahya, PhD Mammary Glands  Present in both sexes, but functional only in females.  Produce milk to nurish a newborn baby.  The areola is a centrally located pigmented area.  The nipple is a protruding area in the center of the areola.  Each mammary gland has lobes.  Each lobule has several lobules containing alveolar glands.  The alveolar glands produce milk.  They are drained by the lactiferous ducts which open to the outside at the nipple.

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