Honors Forensic Science

I. Hair  A. Not yet possible to individualize a human hair to any single head or body  B. No properties remain consistent  C. Can provide corroborating evidence

 D. Morphology  i. Appendage of skin  Ii. Grows from hair follicle  Iii. Shaft of hair  1. cuticle  2. cortex  3. medulla

iv. Cuticle  1. cuticle is formed by overlapping scales that always point toward tip end of hair  2. scales are formed from specialized cells that have hardened (keratinized) and flattened  3. scale pattern not useful for individualization but variety of patterns important for species identification

vi. Medulla  1. cellular column running through the center of the hair  2. medullary index = measures the diameter of medulla relative to diameter of the hair shaft  3. presence and appearance of medulla varies from individual to individual as well as within an individual

4. Humans  A. Generally have none or fragmented medullas  B. Mongoloid race = continuous medulla

5. animals.  A. Most have continuous or interrupted medullas

6. shape  A. Humans – nearly cylindrical in appearance  B. Animals – patterned shape  C. data base s are available

vii. Root  1. Three phases of hair growth  A. Anagen – initial growth phase during which the hair follicle is actively producing hair  B. Catagen – transition stage between anagen and telogen phases  C. Telogen – final growth phase in which hair naturally falls out of the skin

 2. shape of root depends on phase of hair growth  A. Anagen – follicular tag  B. Catagen – elongated appearance  C. Telogen – club-shaped appearance

II. Identification and Comparison of Hair  A. Generally when dealing with hair evidence, you are either;  i. Trying to determine if human or animal  Ii. Species ID of animal  Iii. If human, does it match hair from a suspect?

b. In comparing hair, criminalist is interested in i.Color ii. length iii. Diameter iv. Presence or absence of medulla v. Distribution, shape, color of pigment granules in cortex

 C. Mainly, hair is class evidence  D. Can use probabilities to tell if 2 hairs came from same individual  E. Can be very useful

f. Can the body area of a hair be determined?  i. Yes, usually without difficulty  Ii. Scalp hair – little diameter variation, uniform distribution of pigment granules  Iii. Pubic hair – short, curly, wide variations in shaft diameter, continuous medulla  Iv. Beard hair – coarse, normally triangular in cross-section, blunt tips

g. Can racial origin of hair be determined?  i. Sometimes  Ii. Caucasian – usually straight or wavy, pigments more evenly distributed, oval in cross-section  Iii. Negroid – curly, dense and unevenly pigmented, oval to flat in shape  Iv. Extreme variation however, so care must be taken

h. Can the age and sex of a person’s hair be determined?  i. Only infant hair can be identified  1. fine, short in length, fine pigment, rudimentary in character  Ii. No technique to accurately determine sex

i. Is it possible to determine if hair was forcibly removed?  i. Root hair with follicular tissue adhering to it = hair was forcibly removed  Ii. Bulbous shaped root, free of any tissue = hair naturally fell out

j. Are efforts being made to individualize human hair?  i. Can link human hair to a particular individual by characterizing the nuclear DNA present in hair root or in follicular tissue adhering to root  Ii. Can also extract some DNA from hair when in anagen or catagen phase of growth

 Iii. Nuclear DNA – DNA present within the nucleus of a cell  1. inherited from both parents

 Iv. Mitochondrial DNA – DNA present in mitochondria located outside cell nucleus  1. mitochondria supply energy to cell  2. DNA here is inherited from mother only

III. Collection of hair evidence  A. Questioned hairs must be submitted with adequate numbers of control hairs from victims and suspects  B. Hairs must be collected and submitted from various parts of body (head, pubis, chest, etc.)

IV. Fibers  A. Natural  i. Derived entirely from animal or plant sources  Ii. Wool, mohair, cashmere, fur, cotton

b. Man-made  i. Derived from either natural or synthetic polymers  Ii. Polyesters, nylons, rayons, etc.

 Iii. Regenerated  1. usually raw material of cotton or wood pulp  2. cellulose extracted, treated, and forced through small holes of spinneret  3. rayon, acetate, triaceteate

 Iv. Synthetic  1. produced solely from synthetic chemicals  2. nylons, polyesters, acrylics  3. became reality when scientists developed method of synthesizing polymers

 A. Polymer = substance composed of a large number of atoms; atoms are usually arranged in repeating units called monomers

 B. Polymer is basic chemical substance of all synthetic fibers  C. Often called macromolecules  D. Can change basic structure of molecules and how they are linked together to change properties of polymer

c. Identification and Comparison of Fibers  i. Man-made fibers  1. evidential value is related to ability to trace origin  2. most often is comparative in nature  3. compare color and diameter  4. also compare lengthwise striations on surface, pitting of surface, shape

 5. need to compare dye composition also  6. use chromatography to separate dye constitutents  7. chemical composition  8. often have crystalline properties so can measure birefringence

 9. Light passing through fiber is polarized so will have characteristic index of refraction  10. infrared spectrophotometry to identify class or sub-class of fiber  11. In the end, it is still class evidence

d. Collection of Fiber Evidence  i. Can easily be overlooked  Ii. Have to identify and collect possible carriers of fiber evidence  Iii. Care taken to avoid loss of evidence or contamination

V. Paint  A. Commonly encountered form of evidence  B. Found often in hit and run and burglary cases  C. Compare paint chips to determine common origin  D. Also can assist in identifying color, make and model of automobiles

e. What is Paint?  i. Paint = pigments, additives and binder all dissolved or dispersed in a suitable solvent  Ii. Pigments  1. impart color and opacity  2. usually mixtures of different organic and inorganic compounds

 Iii. Binder  1. provides support medium for pigments and additives  2. polymeric substance

f. Automotive finishing system  i. Electrocoat primer  1. provides corrosion resistance  2. color ranges from gray to black

 Ii. Primer surface  1. corrosion control and smooth out finish  2. epoxy-modified polyesters  3. highly pigmented; match with topcoat

 Iii. Basecoat  1. provides color and aesthetics to finish  2. binder system = acrylic – based polymer  3. different pigments added

 Iv. Clear-coat  1. un-pigmented  2. improve gloss, durability and appearance  3. acrylic based or polyurethane

g. Comparing Paint  i. Once comparison is complete:  1. task of assessing the significance of the findings begins  2. often can identify make and model of car or make strong link between suspect car and crime scene, other times it is not as clear cut

h. Collection and preservation of paint evidence  i. Paint chips picked up with tweezers or scooped up with paper  Ii. Utmost care needed  Iii. Control paints need to be collected  Iv. If paint is smeared or embedded, do not remove it

v. cortex  1. is contained within protective layer of cuticle  2. made of spindle-shaped cortical cells that are aligned in regular array, parallel to length of hair  3. pigment granules important

 4. color, shape and distribution important for comparison of hairs  5. features examined microscopically