The World of Jim Crow -- chapter 9, section 3 --

The Roots of Jim Crow Reconstruction 1877 = End of Reconstruction Union troops enforce rights of former slaves in South Blacks vote blacks into office 1877 = End of Reconstruction No more Union troops to enforce rights Freedoms begin to fade

Voting Restrictions Concern = too much political power for blacks if they vote 1890s: voting restrictions emerge Property requirement Poll tax Literacy tests Grandfather clauses Limit black voting w/out specifying

De Facto Segregation Segregation that simply results from tradition. It exists in fact, but not in law. Soon became legalized Jim Crow laws required segregation in schools, parks, hospitals, theaters, restrooms, other public buildings. Black facilities were always inferior.

Jim Crow Etiquette Keeping blacks “in their place” System of etiquette requiring blacks to show deference to whites Whites say, “Boy” or “(first name)” Blacks say, “Mister” or “Sir” Small breaches of etiquette: Loss of job for blacks Subjected to violence

Lynching The seizure and execution of an accused person by a mob w/out a lawful trial. Sometimes included a mock trial. Sometimes victims were mutilated before being hanged or shot. Lynchers were rarely pursued, caught, convicted, or punished.

WARNING The following are pictures of lynching. They are very graphic. Please do not look if you cannot handle seeing such images.

Lige Daniels, 1920 Postcard depicting the lynching of Lige Daniels (Center, Texas, August 3, 1920) The back reads, "This was made in the court yard in Center, Texas. He is a 16 year old Black boy. He killed Earl's grandma. She was Florence's mother. Give this to Bud. From Aunt Myrtle."

Jesse Washington, 1916 A postcard showing the burned body of Jesse Washington (Waco, Texas, 1916) Washington was a 17-year-old retarded farmhand who had confessed to raping and killing a white woman. He was castrated, mutilated, and burned alive by a cheering mob that included the mayor and the chief of police.

Jesse Washington, 1916 An observer wrote that "Washington was beaten with shovels and bricks. . . [he] was castrated, and his ears were cut off. A tree supported the iron chain that lifted him above the fire. . . Wailing, the boy attempted to climb up the skillet hot chain. For this, the men cut off his fingers."

Jesse Washington, 1916 This image is from a postcard, which said on the back, "This is the barbeque we had last night. My picture is to the left with a cross over it. Your son, Joe."

Will James, 1909 The circus-style lynching of Will James (Cairo, Illinois, 1909)

Duluth Lynching, 1920 In Duluth, Minnesota on June 15, 1920, three young African-American travelers were dragged from their jail cells (where they were confined after being accused of raping a white woman) and lynched by a mob believed to number more than one thousand. This is a postcard of that lynching.

Northern Migration Many African Americans moved north  de facto discrimination Schools, housing, employment Job competition in North creates fear. RACE RIOTS! NYC, 1900 Springfield, Illinois, 1908

It becomes LEGAL. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Homer Plessy (1/8 African) buys a first-class train ticket from New Orleans. He refuses to sit in the black only car. He is arrested. Case reaches the Supreme Court.

Plessy vs. Ferguson RULING: Segregation is legal as long as the separate facilities were equal to the whites’ facilities. Separate but Equal=Legal Segregation

Resisting Discrimination 1905: Niagara Movement vows Never to accept “inferiority” Never to bow to “oppression” Never to apologize “before insult” Only 400 initial members They are listened to after the 1908 Springfield Race Riots.

NAACP Mary White Ovington By 1914 White social worker Organized a national conference to address the “Negro Question” Founding of the NAACP By 1914 50 branches w/ 6,000 members Worked through the court system