Introduction to the Human Body Anatomy & Physiology Class Mrs. Leisher

 Anatomy: study of the structure, shape, and locations of body parts  Physiology: study of the function of body parts WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?

Principle of Complementarity of Structure & Function - This principle states that function reflects structure Can you think of an example?

ANATOMICAL POSITION  Assumed position of body  standing face-front, feet flat on floor facing forward with palms facing forward

Structural level of organization

DIRECTIONAL TERMS  Superior/inferior  Anterior/posterior  Medial/lateral  Proximal/distal  Superficial/deep

Systems of the Body 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic/immune 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive  10. Urinary  11. Reproductive  (Male and female)

Planes: imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body 1.Sagittal: divides into right and left 2.Frontal: divides into anterior/posterior 3.Transverse: divides into superior/inferior

Cavities: spaces that protect, separate, and support internal organs  Dorsal:  Cranial  Vertebral  Ventral  Thoracic:  Abdominopelvic: separated from thoracic by diaphragm

IN CLASS ASSIGNMENT:  For each system:  Write 1-3 sentences that describe the responsibilities of that system. Then list 2-4 organs/components of that system.  Work on your sentence NOT being just copied from the book. Sufficient, but concise!!!  Illustrate (literal or symbolic)

HOMEOSTASIS Maintaining homeostasis is essential for life.  Homeostasis: keeping internal conditions relatively stable  Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids important for homeostasis Intracellular Extracellular: EX: blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid  Know examples HOW IS THIS PICTURE A VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF HOMEOSTASIS?

Regulated by:  The body communicating within itself, constantly regulating the balance in the body.  the nervous (fast) or endocrine (slow) system

Feedback Systems  A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so.  A disruption that changes a controlled condition (eg temp, blood glucose levels) is called a stimulus

Feedback systems cont.  3 components  Receptor: structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center. EX: nerve endings in finger tips sense temp. change

 Control center: sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed. EX: the brain or nucleus of cell

EEffector: structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

example body temp. drops sharply (stimulus), detected by your hypothalamus (receptor), your brain (control center) sends nerve impulses (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors). Results in shivering to generate heat to raise your body temp.

BIG PICTURE HOMEOSTASIS IS REGULATED BY FEEDBACK SYSTEMS!!!!!

_____ disrupts homeostasis Disruption monitored by ___________ which send a message ______ _____: receives message and provides output ______ bring about a change or response that alters the controlled condition Flowchart of a feedback system Messages sent to and from the control center are either _______ or ______ signals

Negative Feedback Systems  Reverses a change in a controlled condition.  EX blood pressure returning to normal after increasing.

Positive Feedback Systems  Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions  EX. Normal childbirth

Negative feedback sys. Positive feedback sys.

Negative feedback sys. Positive feedback sys. Chemical and electrical messengers Have receptors Control center effectors Start with stimulus End with response Reinforces a change In a Controlled condition Reinforce events That don’t Happen Very often Reverses a change In controlled condition Regulate more common conditions Shut off by outside event Stops as controlled Condition Returns To normal