Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Chapter 6 Population and Development PPT by Clark E. Adams

Population and Development Reassessing the demographic transition Promoting development – good and bad news A new direction: social modernization The Cairo conference

What Is Unique about Kerala?

Kerala When Compared to India Life expectancy 71 years versus 61 for India Infant mortality 17/1,000 versus 72/1,000 for India Fertility rate 1.8 versus 3.3 for India

Kerala When Compared to India 95% literacy rate All villages in state have access to school and modern health services Women as well educated as men

In Brief, This Chapter Is About Improving the lives of people Reducing fertility rates Protecting the environment

Reassessing the Demographic Transition Development must be linked to a reduction in poverty Existing poverty is an affront to humanity and should not be tolerated Both poverty and development are threats to the health of the environment

Demographic Transition: Developed and Developing Countries

The Demographic Window

Fertility Rate and Income

Reasons for Large Families in Developing Countries Old age security Infant and childhood mortality rates Children are an economic asset Importance of education Status of women Availability of contraceptives

The Poverty Cycle

How the Work Gets Done in Developing Countries

Discuss Interrelationships of Factors Influencing Family Size Importance of education and children viewed as economic assets or liabilities Status of women and importance of education Income and old age security Cultural views on child-bearing Contraceptive use and availability

Contraceptive Prevalence and Fertility Rates Percent Using Contraceptive

Contraceptives Psychological/Behavioral: abstention, calendar rhythm method Mechanical: condoms, diaphragms Chemical: the pill, Norplant Surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy Intrauterine Devices (IUD): abortion device

Contraceptive Use and Fertility Rates

Adult Female Illiteracy: A Global Comparison

Promoting Development: Good and Bad News Millennium development goals World agencies at work The debt crisis Development aid

Some Sobering Facts One-fifth of the world’s population (1.2 billion) live on less than $1/day 1.5 billion lack access to clean water 2.4 billion lack access to sanitary facilities

Some Sobering Facts 790 million are malnourished Environmental degradation is rampant Fertility rates highest in poorest countries

Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality

Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2) Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Forge a global partnership for development

Millennium Development Goal

World Agencies at Work: The World Bank Helped initiate the Millennium Development Goals Environmental strategy: Making Sustainable Commitments

World Agencies at Work: The World Bank No increased GNP Increased absolute poverty Large-scale decentralized projects: hydroelectric dams Large cattle operations (see Fig. 6-9) Cash crops

World Bank Reform Improving the quality of life Improving the quality of growth Improving the quality of the regional and global commons

The Debt Crisis $2.44 trillion in 2001 The typical credit–debt trap Creditor countries primary beneficiaries

Coping with the Debt Crisis Grow cash crops Develop austerity measures Exploit natural resources

Development Aid

A New Direction: Social Modernization Improving education for girls and women Improving health and lowering infant mortality Making family planning accessible Enhancing income through employment opportunities Improving resource management

The Greatest Challenge to Health Care in Developing Countries AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Effect of AIDS on Future Population Structure

Impacts of AIDS Epidemic 90% of all HIV-infected people (50 million by 2004) live in developing countries Life expectancy in Botswana was 61 years in 1980 – now 39 years One million elementary students lost teachers 25 million AIDS orphans in developing world by 2010

Family Planning Counseling on: STDs, contraceptives, spacing children, pregnancy avoidance Supplying contraceptives Pre- and postnatal care

More or Less? Cutbacks in family-planning services lead to (more or less) unwanted pregnancies and (more or less) demand for abortions.

Employment and Income: Grameen Bank Loans (Microlending) Primarily to women Do not upset existing social structure Utilize local resources Utilize central work places Help develop self-reliance

Resource Management Replant trees Prevent erosion Resource management educational programs

Putting It All Together: Social Development

The 1994 Cairo Conference All nations agreed that population is an issue of crisis proportions that must be confronted forthrightly. Formulated the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action (ICPD Program of Action)

The 1994 ICPD Program of Action Maintaining and enhancing productivity of natural resources Empowerment of women Emphasis on family

The 1994 ICPD Program of Action Enhancing reproductive and basic health of women and children Improve education opportunities for women Reduce population migrations International cooperation (0.7% GNP of developed world)

End of Chapter 6